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Things You Should Know About Lead in Drinking Water
Important Information About Lead
Lead is a common, naturally occurring metal that is found throughout the environment
in lead‐ based paint, air, soil, household dust and occasionally water. Lead can pose a
significant risk to your health if too much enters your body. If present, elevated levels of
lead can cause serious health problems, especially for pregnant women and young
children. Oshkosh’s drinking water is safe to drink and meets or exceeds all drinking
water regulations. Lead is not found in Oshkosh’s source water, Lake Winnebago, and
is not in water as it leaves the drinking water treatment plant. Lead may enter drinking
water as a result of corrosion of lead piping, lead pipe solder, and household plumbing
fixtures containing lead. Oshkosh adds a phosphate compound, which meets the
Environmental Protection Agencyʹs (EPA) standards for safety, to coat water pipes and
prevent leaching of lead into drinking water and which is successful in reducing lead
levels. Oshkosh water samples from customer taps are below the regulated action level
of 15 parts per billion.
Constant exposure of water to lead in plumbing can cause lead to become dissolved in
the water. This occurs when water sits in a pipe too long. If water has been sitting for
several hours, you can minimize the potential for lead exposure by flushing your tap for
2 minutes before using water for drinking or cooking. If you are concerned about lead
in your water, you may wish to have your water tested. Information on lead in drinking
water, testing methods and steps you can take to minimize exposure is available from
the Safe Drinking Water Hotline at (800) 426‐4791 or from the USEPA’s informational
website: https://www.epa.gov/ground-water-and-drinking-water/basic-information-
about-lead-drinking-water
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How Lead Enters Our Water
Lead in drinking water, although rarely the sole cause of lead poisoning, can increase a
person’s total lead exposure, particularly the exposure of infants who drink baby
formula and concentrated juices that are mixed with water. The EPA estimates that
drinking water can make up to 20% of a person’s total exposure to lead.
Lead Service Map
City water mains are not made of lead. Water service lines (the small pipe between a
water main and a home) are partially owned by the City and partially owned by the
property owner. Water service lines may be made of lead.
City, or public, service line – the pipeline between the water main and the curb stop
Homeowner, or private, service line – the pipeline between the curb stop and the water
meter
There are an estimated 7,500 – 9,700 public lead service lines and an estimated 11,000
private lead service lines. The lead service map [link to City lead service map] shows
only the services which are lead on the City, or public, portion of the service line.
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How To Check if Your Service Line is Made of Lead
Homeowners’ water service lines may be made of lead, copper, galvanized steel, or
plastic.
To check if your service line is made of lead, follow these steps:
A licensed and insured plumber can also inspect your pipes and other plumbing for
lead.
Things You Can Do To Reduce Lead in Your Drinking Water
Take these steps to reduce exposure to lead in water if you have a lead service line:
Flush your plumbing. Before using tap water for drinking or cooking, run the cold water
until it is noticeably colder. Do this if the water has been standing unused in your pipes
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for more than 6 hours, such as overnight. Tap water can safely be used for activities
such as bathing, washing hands, washing dishes, and laundry. These activities help
flush the pipes.
Drink and cook only with water from the cold tap. Never drink or cook with water from the
hot water tap. Hot water dissolves lead from pipes. Boiling the water does not remove
lead. Households with children and pregnant women should consider using bottled
water or filtered tap water for formula, concentrated juices, cooking and drinking.
Regularly remove the screen and aerator from faucets, rinse out any
particles, and re‐ attach. Particles may contain lead and could
collect at the faucet. Clean faucet aerators once a month, or more
frequently if there is water utility construction work nearby.
Clean aerators after any household plumbing work is completed.
Other steps you may consider:
Purchase a home filtration system. Drinking water filtration systems or pour‐through
filters can reduce or eliminate lead. Look for products certified by NSF/ANSI under
Standard 53 for removal of lead and follow the manufacturer’s guidelines for installing
and maintaining the filter. A list of filters capable of removing lead is provided at the
National Science Foundation link here:
https://info.nsf.org/Certified/dwtu/listings_leadreduction.asp
Replace your lead service line or interior plumbing. A licensed plumber can provide an
estimate. If you decide to do this, please call the Public Works Management Analyst at
(920) 236‐5258, for more information.
Have your water tested for lead. Find a laboratory where you can have your water tested
for lead or call the Water Filtration Plant Manager at (920) 236‐5164. Wisconsin
laboratories, including those listed below, can provide lead testing.
Northern Lake Service, Inc. at (715) 478‐2777
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Badger Laboratories & Engineering Company, Inc. at (920) 729‐1100
Eurofins S‐F Analytical Laboratories Inc. at (262) 754‐5300
Davy Laboratories at (608) 782‐3130
TG Analytical Laboratories at (920) 757‐1355
Flush your plumbing after any water utility work or internal plumbing work. Physical
disturbance of the lead service line or lead plumbing by activities such as water main
replacement, service line leaks, home plumbing repair, water meter replacement, or
main breaks may release lead into the water.
Here’s how to flush your household plumbing after work is completed:
1. Remove screens and aerators from the end of all faucets and rinse particles from
them.
2. Starting in the lowest level (basement) and working to the top floor, turn on the cold
water.
3. After the water runs for 5‐10 minutes, start at the top floor and turn off the water,
finishing in the basement. Re‐attach the screens and aerators to the faucets.
Replacing Lead Service Lines
Since 2011, Oshkosh has spent more than millions of dollars replacing thousands of
public lead service lines. Oshkosh has operated a Lead Service Line Replacement
(LSLR) Program since 2017 with the goal of fully replacing lead service lines in the City.
These efforts will take several years and cost tens of millions of dollars. Complete lead
service line replacements are planned as follows:
• Infrastructure coordination ‐ Where possible, our lead service line replacement
program follows planned street, sewer, and other infrastructure improvement projects.
This decreases situations where the same street is opened up more than once for
improvement projects.
• Complete partial service line replacements – replace the private portion of service
lines where the public portion has already been replaced.
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EPA’s Lead Regulation
The EPA sets upper limits or maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) for most substances
it regulates in a utilityʹs drinking water system. These MCLs are set at levels designed to
protect the health of customers. For most contaminants, testing takes place at the
utilityʹs treatment plant or in its distribution system. Lead is different, because itʹs not
commonly found in a water utilityʹs source water or its distribution system. Usually,
lead dissolves into drinking water after the water has entered the customerʹs property.
For lead, EPA has set an action level designed to measure a utilityʹs effectiveness in
controlling the corrosiveness of drinking water so that lead doesnʹt easily dissolve into
it. For lead, EPA requires that samples be taken from faucets inside the homes of a
certain number of customers. These tests must be taken in homes likely to have the
highest concentration of lead. That includes houses with lead service lines and houses
with copper plumbing built just before lead‐based solder was outlawed in the late
1980s. EPAʹs action level for lead is 15 parts per billion at the 90th percentile. That
means 90 percent of the homes sampled for lead have to have a lead concentration of 15
parts per billion or less. Utilities that exceed the action level need to do more to reduce
the corrosiveness of their drinking water, increase their public information campaign,
and begin removing lead service lines, if they have any. Oshkosh Water Utility
completes the required sampling and sample results comply with all drinking water
regulations. Learn more about water provided by the Water Utility by reviewing the
most recent Consumer Confidence Water Report, found on the City’s Water Utility
page: https://www.ci.oshkosh.wi.us/PublicWorks/WaterUtility.aspx
If you have questions about lead in drinking water, call the Public Works Management
Analyst at (920) 236‐5258.