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Home My WebLink AboutItem XI - Buckthorn ® A3924-02 (Rhamnus cathartica) Glossy buckthornx� (Frangula alnus) {rcN i, ® uckthorn is an understory shrub or Fruits and seeds:Both species have small tree 10-25'tall.Both species abundant clusters of round,0.25" Brendon Panke and Mark Renz Bgrow in shrub or tree form and diameter fruit.Common buckthorn possess prominent leaf scars in the winter. is dioecious;thus only female trees A cut branch exposes yellow sapwood and have black fruit.Glossy buckthorn is orange heartwood.Common buckthorn monoecious and produces red fruit that has brown to silver bark that is shiny when turn to black when ripe. a young and dark grey to black and scaly Roots:Extensive fibrous root system when mature.Buds are found in pairs at extending from a woody crown. A the end of branches,are covered in dark Similar species:Alderbuckthorn(R. scales,and resemble a hoofTwigs often alnifolia;native)is<3'tall with thornless end in stout thorns.Glossy buckthorn has gray to brown lenticels and lacks thorns. twigs.Lance-leafed buckthorn(R. Buds lack scales,are hairy,and are found at lanceolate;native)is less than 6'tall, * the end of branches. found in wet areas and on dry limestone slopes,and has alternate leaves,2-6" g, Legal classification in Wisconsin: g long,gradually tapering to a point at the r Restricted,including all cultivars tip.Carolina buckthorn(R.caroliniana; ) � except'Asplenifolia'and'Fineline'(Ron native),found in the southern Midwest, t « � e Williams). is 10-30'tall with toothed,mostly . r Leaves:Ovate or elliptical,with prominent alternate leaves,2-3"long. veins curving toward tip.Stay green Ecological threat: h h k b C ll into late no fa .Common buckthorn as Common buckthorn invades the „ mostly opposite leaves,1-2.5"long,with understory of southern oak,oak-beech, tiny teeth.Glossy buckthorn has mostly „ maple,and riparian woods.It also alternate leaves,2-3"long,with entire invades prairies,savannas,hedgerows, margins,a glossy upper surface,and dull pastures,old fields,roadsides,and rocky g r 1 underside that can be hairy. sites. Flowers:Small and clustered where the Glossy buckthorn invades wetter leaf attaches to the stem(leaf axil). sites with more organic soils than Common buckthorn has fragrant, R.cathartica.Invades alder thickets, greenish-yellow,four-petaled flowers calcareous fens,wetlands,heath-oak that bloom from late spring.Glossy woods,pine woods,spruce woods, buckthorn has small,pale-yellow,five- pastures,fencerows,roadsides,slopes petaled flowers that bloom from spring of ravines,wet prairies,marshes, to first frost. sedge meadows,sphagnum bogs,and aLW tamarack swamps. Ension Cooperative Extension M ANAGEMENT OF INVASIVE PLANTS IN WISCONSIN Both buckthorns are characterized by Prescribed burning Timing:Apply prior to germination of prolific reproduction by seed,long- seedlings.While spring applications distance dispersal ability,wide habitat Effectiveness in season:50:700/6 will maximize control,fall or winter tolerance,and high levels of phenotypic Season after treatment:<50 o applications may also suppress plasticity(i.e.,adjusting physical Spring burns can kill germinating seedlings seedlings,depending upon appearance to maximize productivity and suppress above-ground growth of environmental conditions. across environmental conditions). established plants,depending on fire Remarks.Reduced efficacy can be Both leaf out very early and retain leaves intensity.After the fire,established plants expected if<0.6"of rainfall occurs late into the growing season,providing will resprout;this management method within 2-3 days of application. a longer growing season than native is not recommended unless integrated with other techniques.Burning stimulates Caution:Do not apply directly to water or plants. seedling germination,but 5-6 years of to areas where surface water is present. repeated burning will reduce buckthorn Do not apply more than once a year. Non-chemical seedbank.A five-second application of Avoid using napropamide in areas flame with a propane torch around the where soils are composed of more Removal stem will kill plants<-2"diameter. than 10%organic matter.Napropamide E#Fettivenessin.season.9%716"I I0% � remains in the soil for up to a year, Season after treatment:70-90% Manipulationdepending an application.Maintenance of a vegetative buffer strip is required Plants 5 0.4"diameter are easily pulledr between the areas napropamide is from moist soil.Larger diameters(0.5- applied and surface water features or 1.5')can be dug or pulled.To prevent Efectivinetilnseason <SOofa; sensitive terrestrial habitats.Overspray resprouting,remove above-ground growth Season after treatment:<50% or drift to desirable plants should be and root crown.Dig before plant produces Underplanting with a vigorous,shade- avoided,since even minute quantities seeds, tolerant woody species,such as sugar of the spray may cause severe injury to maple,competes with buckthorn plants. plants. Mowing This reduces the light level in the forest, Effe4tfvrenessi`nseaspn:70-90°!o 11 reduces productivity of established buckthorn,and prevents seedling Season after treatment/<SO% Effectiveness in season:70-90% germination. Mowing removes above-ground growth of Season after treatment:<50% established plants and prevents additional C i Cd o Common name:Pendulum Aquacap seed production,but rarely kills plants. %. ! Rate:90 fl oz/A(2.7 Ib a.i./A) Established plants persist after mowing for Pre-emergence any years.lf possible,mow in the winter Timing:Apply prior to germination of mato ny damaging desirable vegetation Apply herbicide directly to soil.These seedlings.While spring applications and compacting soil.if mowed material is products will only damage plants that will maximize control,fall or winter mulched an the soil surface,it can reduce germinate after the herbicide has been applications may also suppress seedling recruitment.Pairing mowing with applied.They will not damage established seedlings,depending upon another technique,such as foliar spray plants.Use lower rates on areas where environmental conditions. less dense populations are expected herbicide,increases effectiveness.tutting Remarks:Reduced efficacy can be before seed is produced in summer and and higher rates on areas where denser expected if<0.5"of rainfall occurs again after the plant has resprouted in fall populations are expected. within 30 days of application. will reduce vigor of resprouts the following " q' q Caution:Do not apply directly to water year,but will not kill plants.If seeds are or to areas where surface water is present. present when removed,avoid movement Effectiveness in season:70-90% Do not exceed applications of 67 fl off of the site unless material can be Season after treatment:<50% oz/A on home lawns,parks,schools,and transported without spreading fruit to Common name:Devrinol 50-DF playgrounds.Overspray or drift to desirable other locations. plants should be avoided since even Rate:1.8-7.1 lb/A(0.9-3.6 Ib a.i./A) minute quantities of the spray may cause severe injury to plants. *Active ingredient(a.i.) 2 COMMON BUCKTHORN AND GLOSSY BUCKTHORN Foliar Apply directly to individual plants or broadcast across an infested area.Broadcasted foliar applications are typically the most cost-effective treatment in dense infestations. Use lower rates on smaller plants and less dense populations and higher rates on larger plants and denser populations. Effectivenessin season:50-70% Effectiveness in season:90-100% Season after treatment:<50% Season after treatment:90-100% Common name:Roundup Common name:Garlon Rate: Rate: broadcast:1.7-3.7 Ib a.e./A broadcast:128-256 fl oz/A spot:For a 3 Ib a.e./gal product: (4.0-8.0 Ib a.e./A) 1.0-2.0%(0.03-0.06 Ib a.e./gal) spot:1.0-2.0%(0.04-0.08 Ib a.e./gal) Timing:Apply when target species is Timing:Apply when target species is actively growing and fully leafed out. actively growing and fully leafed out. Remarks:A wick application of a 33-75% Caution:Use product labeled for aquatic solution(1.49-3.38 Ib a.e./gal)of the use if potential exists for solution to product is effective on shorter plants contact surface waters.Use of this that are taller than desirable species. chemical in areas where soils are Caution:Use product labeled for aquatic permeable,particularly where the use if potential exists for solution to water table is shallow,may result in contact surface waters.Applications can groundwater contamination.Overspray result in bare ground since glyphosate or drift to desirable plants should be is not selective.Overspray or drift to avoided since even minute quantities desirable plants should be avoided, of the spray may cause severe injury to since even minute quantities of the plants. spray may cause severe injury to plants. a.. us Jk X 3 k y y Ex f 9 fl� �r Y � *Active ingredient(a.i.) 3 MANAGEMENT OF INVASIVE PLANTS IN WISCONSi N Cut stump Cut a stem of a plant near the base and apply herbicide to the cut surface that remains rooted in the ground.Apply as soon as possible after cutting,but no later than one hour after cutting.Do not use this method if there is heavy sap flow or snow covers the cut surface. Use lower rates on smaller plants and higher rates on larger plants. 01.119 MI Effectiveness in season:90-100% Effectiveness in season:90-100% Effectiveness in season:90-100% Season after treatment:50-70% Season after treatment:50-70% Season after treatment:90-100% Common name:Roundup Common name:Tordon K Common name:Garlon Rate-For a 3 lb a.e./gal product: Some products containing picloram are Rate:20-30%in oil(0.8-1.2 lb a.e./gal) 20-50%(0,6-1.5 lb a.e./gal) restricted-use in Wisconsin. Timing:Apply any time of year. Timing:Apply any time of'year. Rate:50-100%(1.0-2.0 lb a.e./gal) Remarks:Products containing this Caution:Use product labeled for aquatic Timing:Apply any time of year. active ingredient can have different use if potential exists for solution to Caution:Do not apply directly to water or instructions for mixing.Labels will contact surface waters.Applications can to areas where surface water is present. recommend mixing the product in a result in bare ground since glyphosate Use of this chemical in areas where water-or oil-based carrier(e.g.,basal is not selective.Overspray or drift to soils are permeable,particularly where bark oil).Consult the label to determine desirable plants should be avoided, the water table is shallow,may result in the appropriate carrier. since even minute quantities of the groundwater contamination.Remains Caution:Use product labeled for aquatic spray may cause severe injury to plants. in the soil for more than one year, use if potential exists for solution to depending on application rate,and has contact surface waters.Use of this the potential to contaminate surface chemical in areas where soils are Effectiveness in season:90-100% runoffwater during this timeframe. permeable,particularly where the Season after treatment:70-90% Maintenance of a vegetative buffer strip water table is shallow,may result in Common name:Stalker is recommended between the areas groundwater contamination.Overspray picloram is applied and surface water or drift to desirable plants should be Rate;6.0-9.0%in oil(0.1—0.2 lb a.e./gal) features.Overspray or drift to desirable avoided since even minute quantities Timing:Apply any time of'year. plants should be avoided since even of the spray may cause severe injury to Remarks:Products containing this minute quantities of the spray may plants. active ingredient can have different cause severe injury to plants.Do not instructions for mixing.Labels will compost treated plants since herbicide recommend mixing the product in a can persist through composting process. water-or oil-based carrier(e.g.,basal bark oil).Consult the label to determine the appropriate carrier. Caution:Use product labeled for aquatic use if potential exists for solution to contact surface waters.Applications can result in bare ground since imazapyr is not selective and can remain in the soil for several months to more than a year,depending on application rate. Overspray or drift to desirable plants should be avoided,since even minute quantities of the spray may cause severe injury to plants. COMMON BUCKTHORN AND GLOSSY BUCKTHORN Hack-and-squirt Using a hand axe,make cuts every 3-4"around the trunk 6-18"above the ground. Apply the herbicide solution into the cut area. Do not use this method if there is heavy sap flow.Use lower rates on smaller plants and higher rates on larger plants. I!i Effectiveness in season:50-700/6 Effectiveness in season:50-70% Effectiveness in season:50-70% Season after treatment:50-70% Season after treatment:70-90% Season after treatment:70-90% Common name:Roundup Common name:Tordon K Common name:Pathway Rate:For a 3 Ib a.e./gal product:50-100% Some products containing picloram are Some products containing picloram are (1.5-3.0 lb a.e./gal) restricted-use in Wisconsin. restricted-use in Wisconsin. Timing:Apply any time of year. Rate:50%(1.0 Ib a.e./gal) Rate:100%(picloram:3%+2,4-D:11.2%) Caution:Use product labeled for aquatic Timing:Apply any time of year,except Timing:Apply any time of year. use if potential exists for solution to during drought conditions. Caution:Do not apply directly to water or contact surface waters.Applications can Caution:Do not apply directly to water or to areas where surface water is present. result in bare ground since glyphosate to areas where surface water is present. Use ofthis chemical in areas where is not selective.Overspray or drift to Use of this chemical in areas where soils are permeable,particularly where desirable plants should be avoided, soils are permeable,particularly where the water table is shallow,may result in since even minute quantities ofthe the water table is shallow,may result in groundwater contamination.Remains spray may cause severe injury to plants. groundwater contamination.Remains in the soil for more than one year, in the soil for more than one year, depending on application rate,and has r ' t fi depending on application rate,and has the potential to contaminate surface Effectiveness in season.50-70% the potential to contaminate surface runoff water during this timeframe. Season after treatment:70-90% runoff water during this timeframe. Maintenance of a vegetative buffer strip Maintenance of a vegetative buffer strip is recommended between the areas this Common name:Stalker is recommended between the areas product is applied and surface water Rate:6.0-9.0%in oil(0.1-0.2 Ib a.e./gal) picloram is applied and surface water features.Overspray or drift to desirable Timing:Apply any time of year. features.Overspray or drift to desirable plants should be avoided since even Remarks:Products containing this plants should be avoided since even minute quantities of the spray may active ingredient can have different minute quantities of the spray may cause severe injury to plants.Do not instructions for mixing.Labels will cause severe injury to plants.Do not compost treated plants since herbicide recommend mixing the product in a compost treated plants since herbicide can persist through composting process. water-or oil-based carrier(e.g.,basal can persist through composting process. bark oil).Consult the label to determine the appropriate carrier. Caution:Use product labeled for aquatic µ use if potential exists for solution to ; contact surface waters.Applications can r result in bare ground since imazapyr is not selective and can remain in the ' soil for several months to more than a year,depending on application rate. r Overspray or drift to desirable plants xri should be avoided,since even minute quantities of the spray may cause severe m injury to plants. MANAGEMENT OF INVASIVE PLANTS IN WISCONSIN Basal bark Apply herbicide in a ring around the entire stem.Applications should be made at least 6" wide(6-18")to the base of a woody stem.Ideal for stems<_6"in diameter.Use lower rates on smaller plants and higher rates on larger plants. Effectiveness in season:50-70% Effectiveness in season:50-70% Season after treatment:90-100% Season after treatment:90-100% Common name:Stalker Common name:Garlon Rate:6-12%in oil(0.1—0.25 lb a.e./gal) Rate:1.0-5.0%in oil(0.04-0.2 lb a.e./gal) Timing:Apply any time of year. Timing:Apply any time of year. Remarks:Products containing this Remarks:Products containing this active ingredient can have different active ingredient can have different instructions for mixing.Labels will instructions for mixing.Labels will recommend mixing the product in a recommend mixing the product in a water-or oil-based carrier(e.g.,basal water-or oil-based carrier(e.g.,basal bark oil).Consult the label to determine bark oil).Consult the label to determine the appropriate carrier. the appropriate carrier. Caution:Use product labeled for aquatic Caution:Use product labeled for aquatic use if potential exists for solution to use if potential exists for solution to contact surface waters.Applications can contact surface waters.Use of this result in bare ground since imazapyr chemical in areas where soils are is not selective and can remain in the permeable,particularly where the soil for several months to more than water table is shallow,may result in a year,depending on application rate. groundwater contamination.Overspray Herb I idde itiforn4tion''is base&on label,'� Overspray or drift to desirable plants or drift to desirable plants should be rates and'rep'orts byre'sea'rch6 I r I s and,land,, managers.procluttsknownlo provide, should be avoided,since even minute avoided since even minute quantities :effective or in common,use are quantities of the spray may cause severe of the spray may cause severe injury to included.,Those thalt'do not provide sufficient injury to plants. plants. control or lackiriforrriatidn•foreffectfveness on fargetspecieshaVebeen,omitted. I Ref6renees,to,pesticide products irithis publication are foryourponvenienc6 and, ,not anendorsement ofone product instead I of a,similar product.,Ybu,are responsible: for using,pesticides in,accorclancewlihthe, label dieec,tions.Read�t�helobetbekreany This series of fact sheets was created in cooperation with University of Wisconsin-Extension Team Horticulture. This material is based upon work supported by the Cooperative State Research,Education,and Extension Service, UW U.S.Department of Agriculture,under Award No.2009-45060-06000. EnSIQn Copyright @2012 by the Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System doing business as the division Cooperative Extension of Cooperative Extension ofthe University of Wisconsin-Extension.All rights re5erved.Send copyright inquiries to: Cooperative Extension Publishing,432 N.Lake St.,Rm.227,Madison,Wl 53706,pubs@uwex.edu. Authors:Mark Renz is an assistant professor and Extension weed scientist in agronomy,College of Agriculture and Life Sciences,University of Wisconsin-Madison and University of Wisconsin-Extension.Brendon Panke is an associate research specialist in agronomy,College of Agriculture and Life Sciences,University of Wisconsin-Madison.Ryan deRegnier is a research assistant in agronomy,College of Agriculture and Life Sciences,University of Wisconsin-Madison.Cooperative Extension publications are subject to peer review. University of Wisconsin-Extension,Cooperative Extension,in cooperation with the U.S.Department of Agriculture and Wisconsin counties, publishes this information to further the purpose of the May 8 and June 30,1914,Acts of Congress.An EEO/AA employer,the University of Wisconsin-Extension,Cooperative Extension provides equal opportunities in employment and programming,including Title IX and ADA requirements.if you need this information in an alternative format,contact Equal Opportunity and Diversity Programs,University of Wisconsin- Extension,432 N.Lake St.,Rm.501,Madison,WI 53706,diversity@uwex.edu,phone:(608)262-0277,fax:(608)262-8404,TTY:711 Wisconsin Relay. This publication is available from your county UW-Extension office(www.uwex.edu/ces/cty)or from Cooperative Extension Publishing.To order,call toll-free:1-877-947-7827(WIS-PUBS)or visit our website:learn in gstore.uwex.edu. Management of invasive plants in Wisconsin:Common buckthorn and glossy buckthorn(A3924-02) 1-10-12 6