HomeMy WebLinkAboutItem 9 - 2017-563MitigationPlan12-12-17r DATA RECOVERY PIAN FOR THE GOLF COURSE
SITE (47WN0049), CITY OF OSHKOSH, WINNEBAGO
COUNTY
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Prepared by
Jennifer R. Haas, M.A, Principal Investigator
Report Prepared for:
City of Oshkosh
215 Church Avenue
Oshkosh,Wisconsin 54003
Wisconsin Historical Society
816 State Street
Madison,Wisconsin 53706
Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources
2300 Na Martin Luther King Drive
Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53212
DRAFT
December 11, 2017
University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Cultural Resource Management
Department of Anthropology Archaeological Research Laboratory
LTWM-CRM Project 2017-563
'4J'NIG"P.Id�sl'1 Yud'41r1'.S�'t7N5PT+�
IWUKEE Milwaukee,Wisconsin
w � December 2017
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City of Oshkosh, Winnebago County i
H Data Recovery Plan for 47WN0049 Golf Course Site
Page Deliberately Left Blank
City of Oshkosh, Winnebago County
TABLE OF CONTENTS
MAIN CONTENTS
Introductionand Project Background.........................................................................................1
Introduction...................................................................................................................................I
Project Location and Setting...........................................................................................................1
ResearchDesign...........................................................................................................................6
Introduction...................................................................................................................................6
LateWoodland Overview...............................................................................................................6
ResearchQuestions ........................................................................................................................7
Culture History and Chronology....................................................................................................7
Diagnostic Artifacts and Material Culture......................................................................................8
Site Activities and Function............................................................................................................8
SubsistenceEconomy.....................................................................................................................8
SettlementPatterns.........................................................................................................................9
Inter-Regional and Intra-Regional Interaction................................................................................9
ResearchMethods and Personnel...............................................................................................10
Introduction......................................................_........................................................................10
FieldMethods..............................................................................................................................10
ShovelTesting......................__.................................................................................................10
MechanicalExcavation..............................................................................................................10
Excavation of Features and Artifact Concentrations..................................................................12
FieldDocumentation................................................................................................................12
Sampling for Spechilized Analyses..............................................................................................12
Flotation Sample Processing......................................................................................................12
Samples for Radiocarbon Assays................................................................................................12
Accidental Discovery of Human Remains.................................................................................12
InitialProcedures......................................................................................................................13
CeramicAnalysis ......................................................................................................................13
LithicAnalysis .........................................................................................................................13
FaunalAnalysis.........................................................................................................................13
Floral Analysis-Macro remains...................................................................................................14
AnalyticalMethods...................................................................................................................14
Cataloguing..............................................................................................................................15
Curation...................................................................................................................................15
Reporting.....................................................................................................................................15
InterimUpdates........................................................................................................................15
DraftReport.............................................................................................................................15
iv Data Recovery Plan for 47WN0049 Golf Course Site
Schedule.......................................................................................................................................15
ReferencesCited........................................................................................................................17
FIGURES
Figure 1.Location of the Golf Course (47WN0049) site. ...o...............................................................2
Figure 2.Location of the Golf Course (47WN0049) relative to the proposed future development......3
Figure 3.Project location within the Middle Fox P:ver Passageway......................................................5
Figure 4.Areas of the Golf Course (47WN0049) site for data recovery and for
preservationin place.........................................................................................................................1 l
City of Oshkosh, Winnebago County 1
INTRODUCTION AND PROJECT BACKGROUND
Introduction encompasses the Wolf and Upper Fox Rivers,
including the Upper Fox and Wolf River headwaters,
The Data Recovery Plan (hereafter, Plan) presented Lake Winnebago, and the Lower Fox River. Several
in this document was designed by Cultural Resource lakes also occur within this riverine-lacustrine
Management at the University of Wisconsin- network, notably Lake Poygan, Winneconne, and
Milwaukee, Department of Anthropology (UWM- Butte des Mortes. Populations and trade networks
CRM) on behalf of the City of Oshkosh relative moved goods and ideas, and human groups
to archaeological site 47WN0049 Golf Course. themselves, over considerable distances using this
The Golf Course site is being treated as eligible for network (Overstreet et al. 2004).
listing in the National Register of Historic Places
(NRHP) (Haas et al. 2017). Future development The Middle Fox River Passageway harbors a dense
of the Lakeshore Golf Course will result in an concentration ofarcha.eologicalsites from Paleoindan
adverse effect to a portion of the Golf Course site (circa 12,000 BP)to historic times.Historic evidence
(47WN0049). Data recovery is an appropriate documents occupation by the Menominee, Ho
technique for this archaeological site. The Plan will Chunk,Potawatomi, Fox,Sauk,Kickapoo,Oneida,
serve as mitigation to offset and reduce the adverse Stockbridge-Munsee, Huron-Ottawa, Ojibwa,
effect pursuant to Wisconsin Statute 44.40 (S)• and Iowa during the 17th through 19th centuries
The Plan follows those procedures and methods (Overstreet et al. 2004). The waterway was likely a
stipulated in the Guide for Public Archeology, as key variable in concentrating populations at various
Revised(2012).This Plan was reviewed by the State strategic locations in the extensive communication
Historic Preservation Office and the Wisconsin network. The high resource density, including wild
Department of Natural Resources (WisDNR) rice, fisheries, waterfowl, and upland game, has
Historic Preservation Officer for compliance with been cited as contributing to the prehistoric and
Wisconsin Statute 44.40. historic occupation of the region. The abundance
of this habitat was attractive to hunting and
Project Location and Setting gathering populations and those later sustained by
the horticultural trilogy of corn, beans, and squash
The Golf Course site is located along a sandy ridge (Overstreet et al. 2004).
along the south shore of Lake Butte des Mortes near
the Fox River outlet (Figure 1, Figure 2). The site Description and Significance of
is within Section 10 of Township 18 North, Range the Golf Course Site (47WN0049)
15 East within the City of Oshkosh, Winnebago
County,Wisconsin. The Golf Course site was reported in 1925 as "shell
heaps near the Fox River" (Brown 1925).Additional
In a regional perspective, the project area occurs artifacts reported in 1993 include an iron pipe
within the Middle Fox River Passageway,a riverine- tomahawk fragment (WHPD 2017).
lacustrine network that links the Great Lakes to the
Mississippi River Valley (Figure 3). The portage In 2017, archaeological investigations within
between the Upper Fox and Wisconsin Rivers, at the Lakeshore golf course identified 47WN0049
the present day city of Portage, connected these as an extensive Late Woodland campsite/village
major regions for millennia. This drainage system encompassing 13 acres (Haas et al. 2017). Cultural
2 Data Recovery Plan for 47WN0049 Golf Course Site
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Figure 1.Location of the Golf Course (47WN0049) site.
City of Oshkosh, Winnebago County 3
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0 100 200 400 600 Feet
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Figure 2.Location of the Golf Course (47WN0049) relative to the proposed future development.
4 Data Recovery Plan for 47WN0049 Golf Course Site
material from the site consists of chipped stone Site 47WN0049 retains integrity of location and
tools and waste flakes, grit-tempered pottery, setting as well as stratigraphic integrity of the
faunal fragments (calcined and unmodified), and cultural deposits. The presence of cord-impressed
fire-cracked rock. Chipped stone tools (scrapers) grit tempered pottery establishes the integrity of
and debitage are made from local cherts and non- association as the site is able to address important
local silicified sandstone. The cord-impression and research questions relative to the Late Woodland
wall thickness of some of the pottery suggests a period. These research themes include: 1) cultural
Late Woodland (AD 900 to 1400) affiliation. The dynamics, chronology, and temporal relationships;
artifact bearing deposits occur within the Ap horizon 2) diagnostic artifacts and material culture; 3)
and underlying undisturbed soils.Although the site settlement patterns and subsistence patterns; 4)
has been impacted by agricultural activities (that lithic raw material use and lithic technology; and
occurred prior to 1898), the site has been effectively 5) regional interaction and trade. Site 47WN0049
preserved over the years as encapsulated within a retains integrity and has the potential to provide
City-owned golf course, escaping destruction from important information relative to the prehistoric
recurrent plowing and urban development. period in the region. As such, site 47WN0049
meets the criteria fon- listing in the NRHP under
Diagnostic ceramic forms have been recovered Criterion D.
from 47WN0049 along with animal remains,stone
tools, fire-cracked rock, and waste flakes. Inferred
site activities consist of stone tool production and
maintenance, cooking, and resource processing.
The material deposits reflect high artifact densities
and diversity as well as good preservation of ecofacts
(plant and animal remains).
City of Oshkosh, Winnebago County 5
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Figure 3. Project location within the Middle Fox River Passageway.
6 Data Recovery Plan for 47WN0049 Golf Course Site
RESEARCH DESIGN
Introduction Middle Fox River Passageway was continuously
occupied in prehistoric and historic times. Regional
The research strategy to mitigate the adverse effect interpretations have been hindered, however, by a
that would be caused to the archaeological site from lack of published survey, testing, and excavation
the future development consists of using material data (Overstreet et al. 2004). Numerous sites with
culture to address specific research questions that Late Woodland occupations have been identified
relate to the regional prehistory. Although the within the Middle. Fox River Passageway, however
research questions focus on the Late Woodland few have been subjected to extensive excavation
period, they themes are broadly applicable to other (and publication) with Mason (1966), Hurley
components that may be represented at the site. (1975), and Overstreet et al. (2004) representing
The research questions will serve as a guide for a few of the notable exceptions. A number of Late
the data recovery operations but may be altered to Woodland mounds were excavated in the 1920s and
accommodate research findings during the course of 1930s by the Milwaukee Public Museum.Although
the field and laboratory investigations. these studies provide information regarding mound
construction and burial practices, they do not
Late woodland Overview speak to domestic lifeways, settlement, subsistence,
and, community organization (Salzer 1986). Both
The Late Woodland period (circa AD 900 to 1900) Salzer (1986:242), and more recently Overstreet et
is generally characterized as a time of rapid c°.uiture at. (2004) stress the critical need for excavation of
change, social reorganization, and concomitant Late Woodland settlements to address to further
increase in population size and density (Overstreet the understanding of domestic lifeways and cultural
et al. 2004; Salzer 1986). Settlements occurred dynamics.
along river valleys and in upland setting, consisting
of fairly permanent villages,seasonal hunting camps, Recent excavations at sites occupying the uplands
and support camps. The construction of burial along Lake Butte des Mortes have identified small
mounds, often in animal (effigy) shape, continued Late Woodland camps (satellite camps) for the
in Wisconsin,northeast Iowa, and northern Illinois. hunting and processing of game as well as local plant
Horticulture became increasingly important to and nut resources (Dickerson et al. 2001; Dickerson
the Late Woodland economy, demonstrated by and Meinholz 2009; Reckner et al. 2009). These
the diversity of cultigens recovered from many satellite camps are assumed to be part of a larger
archaeological sites. By AD 1000, maize agriculture settlement system that included large base camps
had spread to the northern limits of its range. along the Butte des Mortes lakeshore (Dickerson
Ceramic wares include those associated with Hein's and Meinholz 2009). The archaeological deposits
Creek, Effigy Mound, and late Late Woodland from the Golf Course (47WN0049) site may
collared wares (Baerries and Freeman 1958; Hurley represent a Late Woodland base camp containing
1975; Mason 1966). Projectile points of this period important information that can be used to address a
are characteristically small and triangular. number of research questions.
The extensive institutional and private collections
from the region provide ample support that the
City of Oshkosh, Winnebago County 7
Research Questions Chronology is particularly important relative to the
social landscape during the Late Woodland period.
A number of research questions, pertaining to The Middle Fox River Passageway contains a high
culture history and chronology, diagnostic artifacts density of Late Woodland and Oneota sites. The
and material culture, site activities and function, relationship of the Late Woodland populations to
subsistence economy,settlement patterns,and inter- Oneota populations is not fully understood and
and intra-regional interaction will be addressed continues to be a matter of debate (Boszhardt
through the material culture at the Golf Course site. 1998; Bruhy 2002; Mason 1990, 1992; Overstreet
The material culture will include artifacts, ecofacts, 2001). Much of the debate revolves around the
and cultural features recovered during data recovery interpretation of early radiocarbon dates and
operations. sociocultural mechanisms (Boszhardt 1998; Bruhy
2002; Mason 1990, 1992). Some contend that Late
The primary goal of archaeological data recovery Woodland populations rapidly transformed their
at the Golf Course site is to systematically and material ciflture, settlement, subsistence patterns,
scientifically excavate a portion of the site, using and sochd organizations to "become" Oneota
modern archaeological methods of recovery and (Theles and Boszhardt 2000). In contrast, others
documentation, to mitigate the impacts to the suggest that two prehistoric cultures are not linked
site that would be caused by the future project in a simple unilinear evolutionary manner, meaning
development. By implementing a program of that one culture rapidly replaced the other (Bruhy
archaeological data recovery at the property, it is 2002; Mason 1966, 1990, 1992; Overstreet 2001).
possible to mitigate the adverse effect that would
be caused to the archaeological site from the future In order to develop appropriate culture histories for
development. Prior to the archaeological data the region, a necessary first step is to determine the
recovery operations, a carefully developed research specific cultural components (and to what extent)
design is necessary in order to define and describe that are represented at the site and then to firmly
the objectives and methods to be used during rine associate these occupations with radiometric dates.
field recovery and subsegment labonit.ory analysis In eastern Wisconsin, chronological and culture-
and interpretation. These research questions are historical assessments are typically accomplished
intended to be broad enough to allow for refinement through three techniques: radiocarbon dating;
during the course of the excavations and analysis. comparative analysis of temporally-culturally
diagnostic artifacts (stone tools and ceramics); and
Culture History and Chronology stratigraphic correlations. These data then can be
used for comparison with the existing cultural-
Culture history and chronology remain central to historical frameworks for eastern Wisconsin.
research in current archaeology in eastern Wisconsin
(Overstreet et al. 2004; Salzer 1986). Reliable The archaeological mitigation at the Golf Course
cultural historical constructs are entirely dependent site will be directed towards the recovery and analysis
upon accurate cultural chronologies, grounded of materials,within feature context,for radiocarbon
in the sound application of absolute and relative dating. In situ features have a good potential to
dating techniques. In this regard, studies of artifact provide adequate samples for radiocarbon dating
style are important in terms of identifying related from charred plant and animal remains. Organic
components and defining basic cultural-historical residue encrusted on earthenware vessels provides
units. Culture history can be initially addressed by another source for dating. In addition, studies of
determining which components and occupations diagnostic stone tools and ceramic styles will be
are present, and well represented, at site the Golf used to identify and help clarify cultural-historical
Course site. relationships.
8 Data Recovery Plan for 47WN0049 Golf Course Site
The previous investigations at the Golf Course Hoa,do the diagnostic forms from the Golf Course
site have identified a Late Woodland component. site compare to those used to define the regional Late
Specific research questions relating to Culture lloodlandphases?
History and Chronology include:
Wbatcultural bistoricalpbases can be associated nritb the Site Activities and Function
identified components? Site activities represented at a site are indicated by
Wbat are the agthe form,location, and contents of cultural features
es of the archaeological complexes
represented at the sites and boar do they fit avitbin the and the horizontal distribution of artifacts associated
knomm chronology of eastern Wiscosin? with features. Specific questions regarding site
activities have been developed for the Golf Course
Wbat are the dates of the Late Woodland component. site:
Hour do these dates correlate nritb other dates secured for
the region (Overstreet et al.2004;Keckner et al.2009; Wbat is the spatial organisation of the identifiable
Dickerson et al.2009)? activity ares within the site,including areas of tool
manufacture,foodprepar°ation,food storage, and housing.
Is there evidence for resideiilial complexes(Keckner et al.
Diagnostic Artifacts and Material 2009)?
Culture
What is the function of the Golf Course time?Does the
Diagnostic artifacts, including lithic and ceramic function vary or remain constant through time?
stylistic attributes, are critical components in the
development of cultural historical and chronological lIVIhat activities can be inferred from the hoaz�zontal
frameworks. Paleoindian, Archaic, Woodland, distribution of artifacts and other materials recovered
Oneota, and Historic occupations have been from the Golf Course site?
identified in and around Lake Buttes des Mortes
and eastern Wisconsin. Patterned stone tools and Hour do the site activities inform about the side and
ceramics represent the two artifact ,..lasses that composition of the socialgroups that used the site?
provide the most information in relation to stylistic
variation in the archaeological record of the region. Subsistence Economy
Examining variation is centras to making certain
temporal inferences and cultural-historical linkages Subsistence practices refer to the acquisition of
between identified occupations and regionally resources, inclusive of foodstuffs and raw materials,
defined cultural complexes. necessary to maintain life. Well preserved faunal
remains and floral macro-remains, especially those
What diagnostic artifact types, inclusive of patterned from feature contexts, can be used to address the
stone tools and ceramic mares, arepresent at the Golf subsistence pursuits of the site occupants. Ceramic
Course site?Hoa,do these types relate to artifacts from vessels and tool forms can also inform about
other sites in the Middle Fox River Passageavay,sites subsistence related activities.
along Lake Buttes des Mortes and the more broadly
defined eastern Wisconsin region? Wbatplant and animal resources xere used at the Golf
Course site?
Can diagnostic Iz'tbics and ceramics idem specific
occupations at the Golf Course site? Is there evidence for native cultigens? IF is the
evidence for tropical cultzgens?If so, Y)hen do tbey appear
Do the diagnostic forms from the Golf Course site and xhat role do they play in the subsistence economy?
compare to other xell excavated sites in the region?
Is there evidence for change in resource uti§.Zation over
City of Oshkosh, Winnebago County 9
time?If so, )Phat environmental or culturalfactors Inter-Regional and Intra-Regional
influence those changes? Interaction
Inter- and intra-regional interaction can be inferred
Settlement Patterns from artifact style as well as the presence of non-
Settlement patterns define ways in which people local materials in the artifact assemblage. Non-local
occupy and distribute themselves across the materials would indicate contact, either directly or
landscape in order to acquire or produce subsistence indirectly, between peoples occupying sites in the
goods, including food and other raw materials, region and other groups. An attempt to understand
necessary to sustain life.By determining site function prehistoric trade and the extent of prehistoric trade
and activities that occurred at the site,seasonality of networks can be made by identifying non-local
site occupation, landscape and geomorphic setting, materials and their likely source or origin. Stylistic
and inter-site comparisons, it is possible to develop attributes, especially on ceramic vessels, may be
models of settlement behavior. another way to infer interaction.
LVbat settlementpatterns can be inferred from the Late what is the nature of the cultural dynamics dining
Woodland occupations? tae Late IFloodlandyeviod?LVbat is the evidence for
interaction nith Oneota(Upper Mississippian)groups?
Hour do these settlementpatterns relate to the local
environment?
lVbat is the relatinoshp of the settlement along the
lakeshore to the satellite camps that have been identified
in more inland settings?
10 Data Recovery Plan for 47WN0049 Golf Course Site
RESEARCH METHODS AND PERSONNEL
Introduction Field Methods
The following narrative describes the field and Permitting
laboratory methodology and techniques that will Two permits will be required for the archaeological
be used during the archaeological mitigation of data recovery field invetigations.As the Golf Course
the Golf Course site. The research methods follow site (47WN0049) is situated on City of Oshkosh
those standards promulgated by the Wisconsin owned lands, a Public Lands Permit from the
Archaeological Survey in the Guide for Public Wisconsin Historical Society will be obtained.
Archeology in Wisconsin, as Revised (Dudzik et al.
2012). Given the amount of area that will be excavated,
UWM--CRM will consult with the Wisconsin
The Golf Course site encompasses 13 acres. Of this Depattment of Natural Resources to secure the
total, six acres will be preserved in place and remain necessary permits for the ground disturbance.
within City of Oshkosh ownership. Seven acres
will be subjected to archaeological data recovery.
It is proposed that the full seven acres be subjected Shovel Testing
archaeological data recovery in order to address all
objectives for the project. As such, 100 percent of Prior to mechanical excavation (see below), shovel
the site area within the development: footprint, or testing will be conducted across the site area at five
54 percent to the total site area,will be subjected to meter intervals.The purpose of the shovel testing will
archaeological data recovery. be to recover material culture, from the disturbed
plowzone horizon, as well as to assess the spatial
The primary objective of the investigations is patterning across the site.The horizontal patterning
to scientifically excavate and recover cultural of artifact type and density will supplement the
material, inclusive of in situ features, artifacts, results of the mechanical excavation, providing
and ecofacts, that would be desttoyed by future contextual information for the identified cultural
project development. The secondary objective is to features.
avoid impacting culturally sensitive archaeological
deposits during construction. Given the intensity of Mechanical Excavation
habitation of the region throughout prehistory, and
known burial sites around Lake Butte des Mortes, Mechanical stripping will use a single-tracked
there is potential for such features to existing within backhoe equipped with a five foot wide, toothless
the development footprint. Data recovery of the bucket.The modern fill and plow zone horizon will
entire project footprint will avoid inadvertent be removed in approximate 10 centimeter thick
discoveries during construction. layers down to the top of the B horizon. Soil stains
will be fully exposed with a trowel and flat shovel,
and potential features will be marked with pin flags.
City of Oshkosh, Winnebago County 11
Area to Preserve In Place
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Area for Data Recovery
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Area to Preserve In Place
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ov—n—Sy—HAD 1983 HARN WISCRS Winnebago County Feed .
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Figure 4.Areas of the Golf Course (47WN0049) site for data recovery and for preservation in place.
12 Data Recovery Plan for 47WN0049 Golf Course Site
Excavation of Features and Artifact Sampling for Specialized Analysis
Concentrations
A representative sample of matrix collected from
All features encountered during the course of the feature and non-feature contexts will be collected
investigations will be excavated according to strict in the field for subsequent specialized analyses
parameters to control contamination of the matrix including micro-faunal, paleo ethno botanical,
and to retain as much information about the geomorphological, and radiocarbon dating. The
feature as possible. Every feature will be provided procedures for sample collection and subsequent
an individual lot number, which will be used in handling vary according to the specific requirements
reference to all cultural residue, soil, carbon and of the analysis.
flotation samples, and all other material recovered
from analysis. Exposed features will be defined,
photographed, mapped in plan view and geo- Flotation Sample Processine
referenced to a site datum using a total station. Flotation samples collected during the course of the
All features will be mapped in planview, cross excavations will be placed in ventilated sand bags.
sectioned, and mapped in profile. After the feature Provenience information will be written directly on
is mapped and photographed, the feature is bisected the sand bag, on a tag placed inside the bag, and on
along its longest axis.A portion of the feature will be a paper tag affixed to the outside of the bag. Prior to
excavated in mass and screened through one-quarter flotation,all sand bags will be allowed to thoroughly
inch hardware mesh. Once half of the feature is dry and the volume of each sample will be recorded.
removed, a"window"will be excavated to reveal the Flotation samples will be processed using a Flot Tech
profile of the feature. The profile will be mapped, machine at. the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee
photographed, and measured from the unit datum. Atchaeological Research Laboratory. The light
After the shape of the feature is recorded, the fraction will be captured in a brass geological sieve,
remaining half of the feature will be excavated with 40 mesh per inch, lined with tightly woven nylon.
a portion saved as a flotation sample (at least one The heavy fraction will be captured in a 1.0 mm
liter) and the remaining portion screened through mesh and then placed on tightly woven mesh and/
one-quarter inch mesh. Flotation samples are or muslin. Both the light and heavy fraction will
processed at the UWM Archaeological Research be allowed to thoroughly dry. Care will be taken
Laboratory using a Flote-'FechTM multi-modal to avoid too rapid drying of the light and heavy
water separation devices. fractions that can lead to breakage of the delicate
macro-botanical remains.
Field Documentation
Standard field documentation will be completed Samples for Radiocarbon Assays
including: field notebook, lot number book, unit Samples will be collected, when possible, for
level forms, unit summary forms, feature forms, radiocarbon assays. Pieces of charred floral material
and log books (photography, C-14 sample, soil will be removed using a trowel and then placed in
sample, flotation sample). A site notebook will an aluminum foil bag. Appropriate samples will be
be maintained in which all forms and associated sent to the University of Georgia Center for Applied
documentation will be kept,and the general progress Isotope Study for AMS dating.
of the excavation and observations will be recorded
in a log book maintained by the field supervisor.
City of Oshkosh, Winnebago County 13
Accidental Discovery of Human Remains Vessel and body sherds will be initially separated;
If human remains are discovered, the treatment of body sherds are those that are not distinguishable as
burial related discoveries will comply with Wisconsin basal or shoulder sherds. Undecorated body sherds
Statute 157.70. Any such finds will be considered will be assessed for temper and surface treatment,
within the category of a "known uncatalogued then counted and weighed. Ceramic fragments
smaller than the diameter of a penny will be
burial site," and a Wisconsin Historic Preservation assessed for temper only. Rim sherds and decorated
Division standard contract for treatment of human body sherds will be checked for cross-mends. Rim
remains will be followed. sherds will be the basis for assigning unique vessel
Laboratory Methods and Analysis designations.
All artifacts,samples,maps,records,notes and other Vessels will be assessed in terms of morphological
project documentation generated during the field characteristics, paste characteristics, surface
investigations will be brought to the UWM-CRM treatment and decorative treatment following
Archaeological Research Laboratory in Milwaukee, current conventions. Morphological characteristics
Wisconsin.Laboratory staff will process the artifacts considered will include vessel form, rim form and
and samples according to standard laboratory lip form.
procedures.
Litic Analysis
Initial Procedures The lithic analysis will be based on Jeske (2014) and
]Lurie and Jeske (1990). All pieces of chipped stone
Initial procedures involve generating a laboratonY will be examined for cultural modification (flaking,
log, cleaning, and rebagging. The laboratory log battering, and use-wear) under IN magnification.
sheet cross checks the field lot members with actual
Tools will be classified as pieces of stone or debitage
artifact and sample bags entering the: laboratory.
Artifact cleaning includes genntle dry brushing and that show evidence of further cultural modification.
Regional guides, along with comparative collections
water processing. Finally, all artifacts, following at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee
cleaning, are removed from their paper field bag Archaeological Research Laboratory,will be used to
and placed in an archivatly stable zip lock plastic
identify lithic raw materials. The schema will entail
bag. Provenience informationn from the paper bag recording contextual information, metric attributes,
is transcribed onto the plastic bag and the original and several variables intended to generate data related
information clipped and placed inside the plastic to raw material use and technology. This model
bag. allows for easy comparison between assemblages, is
time efficient, and does not assume tool function.
Ceramic Analysis Two levels of analysis will be conducted on the
assemblage: mass debitage analysis and individual
Following Rice (1987) and Sinopli(1991),ceramics tool analysis.
in this study will be treated at the vessel unit of
analysis as functional tools. The Madison ware
typology follows that laid out by Baerreis (1952, Faunal Analysis
1953) and Keslin (1958), as well as more recent During the initial inventory stage, faunal remains
studies (Richards 1992; Rosebrough 2010; Zych are sorted into unidentifiable and identifiable
2013). Vessels are described primarily in terms remains; the identifiable remains will be subjected
of attributes, acknowledging the limitations of to further analysis. Faunal data will be recorded
typological systems.
on small acid-free tags, which are curated along
14 Data Recovery Plan for 47WN0049 Golf Course Site
side the faunal material. The data recovered for the flotation heavy fraction will be kept separate.
each bone fragment will include the following This is done to provide further data concerning
fields: Lot/Catalogue Number, Count, Weight (in recovery techniques. Consequently,in the following
grams, to the nearest hundredth), Class (mammal, description of the laboratory methodology,each step
bird, reptile, amphibian, fish, mollusk), Taxon is applied to the flotation heavy and the flotation
(taxonomic identification to the family, genus, or light fraction separately. However, the information
species level), Element (body part- femur, lumbar from the heavy and light fraction from each
vertebrae, upper 2nd molar, etc.), Side (left , flotation sample will be combined prior to further
right, axial), Representation (portion of element analysis and interpretation. Both the heavy and the
present), Ephiphysis (state of ephiphyseal union, light fraction, are thoroughly dried, and are passed
when applicable), Taphonomy (cultural or natural through a 2.0 mm brass geological sieve.All charred
modifications), Size Grade, Comments. botanical material from the greater than 2.0 mm
size grade is sorted into nut, wood, resin, and seed
The primary data recording will be conducted at the categories. The seeds are identified to family, and
laboratory. Identifications will be made in reference if possible, to genus. Each taxa is then counted and
to comparative collections and in consultation with weighed.All wood that is greater than 2.0 mm in size
reference texts.Faunal assemblages will be quantified is counted and weighed. In addition, identifications
using the Number of Identified Specimen (NISP) a to genus is made on a subsample of 20 randomly
and Minimum Number of Individuals (MNI). selected wood fragments that are greater than 2.8
mm (Pearsall 2000). The material in the smallest
size;„ffade (<2.0 mm) are scanned under a binocular
Floral.4►7Q��/SIS-MQcroremQin$ microscope (I OX-30X). For large flotation samples,
One of the main research objectives fon° the a subsample,sampled using a riffle sorter,of this size
project is to obtain information with regard to the grade is scanned.All charred seeds and seed fragments
procurement, processing, and disposition of plant from this size grade are removed, identified, and
remains by the past occupants of the sites. To this tabulated.Although the presence of wood, nut, and
end, flotation samples will be collected from each amorphous fragments are recorded for this size grade
cultural feature identified during the Phase III <2.0 mm fraction, these types of fragments are not
mitigation. It is expected that the flotation samples removed, quantified, or examined. Identifications
will yield a significant amoutnt of wood charcoal are made with aid of standard manuals (Martin and
and plant macroremains that can provide insight Barkley 1961; Montgomery 1977) and in reference
as to the subsistence economy and seasonality of to comparative specimens in the laboratory.
occupation for each cultural component. Nut fragments are identified by comparison of
general morphology to examples in the reference
collection. Seeds are identified by comparison of
Analytical Methods characteristics such as size, shape, details of the
The processed flotation samples will be analyzed at surface, hilium shape and placement, and embryo
the laboratory in Milwaukee. A complete inventory type.
last Although
large quantities went m the samples,of all flotation samples will be initially completed. P y P P y
Observation and experimentation has shown that the carbonized plant remains will be considered
many plant remains sink during water flotation, for cultural interpretation. Previous studies have
especially when they are caught up in matrix or demonstrated that uncarbonized plant materials
waterlogged (Wagner 1988:21). Because of this, are rarely preserved at open air sites in temperate
environments (e.g. Asch and Asch 1985:343; Egan
both the heavy and light fractions will be analyzed 1
for botanical remains. Throughout the entire 1988). Consequently, uncarbonized seeds most
laboratory process, the flotation light fraction and likely represent naturalized species that may be
City of Oshkosh, Winnebago County 15
recently intrusive. Small, uncarbonized seeds in Within one week of the completion of the field
subsurface deposits accumulate by tumbling down investigations,UWM-CRM will provide a summary
pores in the soil, or are transported by soil fauna. of the mitigation activities and findings.
Nonetheless, uncarbonized remains in the samples
will be noted, as these plant macro-remains may be
useful for the paleoecological interpretation. Draft Report
Three copies of the draft report of investigations will
Cataloguing be submitted within one year following completion
of the field investigations.
All cultural material will be assigned a unique lot
inventory number in the field. All artifacts from Final Report
each provenience within the site will be entered into
a database. The lot inventory number is written on One original and three hard copies of the final report
all artifacts in black India ink,with an undercoat and will be submitted within 30 days upon receipt of the
topcoat of clear acrylic. All artifacts and associated comments from the draft contract report. The final
documentation will be temporarily stored at the report will incorporate all the comments made on
ARL laboratory in Milwaukee,Wisconsin. the draft report.
Final Submittal
Curation
Upon acceptance of the final report, all original
All artifacts, notes, and documentation from the noses, records, and collections, including field
archaeological data recovery efforts will be curated notes, field documentation, artifacts, and artifact
at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee This inventories, will be submitted to the curation
curation facility meets the requirements specified in facility.
the Curation of Federally-Owned and Administered
Archaeological Collections, Federal Register, Key Personnel
Volume 55, No. 177, September 12, 1990 (36
CFR 79). The cost Iirr° the permanent curation is Principal Investigator: Jennifer R. Haas
the responsibility of the project sponsors and should
be included in the cost for the archaeological data Field Director: Seth Schneider
recovery efforts.
Faunal Analysis: Rachel McTavish
Reporting Floral Analysis: Jennifer Picard
Interim Updates Ceramic Analysis: Seth Schneider
Over the course of the project, UWM-CRM will Lithic Analysis: Richard Kubicek
provide the City with interim with updates via
email. During the field investigations, these interim
updates will occur weekly. Upon completion of Schedule
the field investigation portion of the project, the The field investigations can be initiated upon
frequency of the updates will be monthly. the acceptance of the Data Recovery Plan (by
Interim Field Report the Wisconsin Historical Society and Wisconsin
Department of Natural Resources) and appropriate
field conditions (ground snow and frost free). The
16 Data Recovery Plan for 47WN0049 Golf Course Site
field investigations will be conducted in such a start date of March 19,2018.This date is contingent
manner that the critical areas for construction are upon the appropriate weather conditions.
initially subjected to excavation before focusing on
other areas. The schedule provides a conservative
estimate for the field investigations to account
for unforeseen circumstances, such as inclement
weather. Please note that the schedule presumes a
Table 1. Preliminary Schedule
Description Date
Acceptance of Data Recovery Plan Febrcuary 2018
Permitting(Archaeology) February 2018
Field Investigations March 19 through May 18,2018
Shovel Testing March 19 to 23,2018
Mechanical Excavation(Building Footprint) Maich 26 to April 20,2018
Mechanical Excavation(Other Areas) April 23 to May 18,2018
Interim Field Report May 25,2018
Laboratory Investigations March 27,2018 to May 24,2019
Draft Report May 24,2019
Final Report 30 days following receipt of comments(from WHS)
Curation Submittal 90 days following acceptance of final report(by WHS)
City of Oshkosh, Winnebago County 17
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