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HomeMy WebLinkAboutArchitectural StudyCULTURAL RESOURCES REPORT FOR THE PROPOSED UW OSHKOSH TELECOMMUNICATIONS FACILITY IN OSHKOSH, WINNEBAGO COUNTY, WISCONSIN For Submission To and Funded By: Mr. Jake Rieb Edge Consulting Engineers, Inc. 624 Water Street Prairie du Sac, Wisconsin 53578 By: Ms. Marcy Prchal and Mr. Christopher Flynn Public Service Archaeology & Architecture Program Department of Anthropology 1707 South Orchard Street University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign Urbana, Illinois 61801 (217) 333-1636 (Project No. 21-094) Dr. Kevin P. McGowan, Principal Investigator 07 July 2021 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................... 1 BACKGROUND RESEARCH ..................................................................................................................... 3 Winnebago County .................................................................................................................................. 3 Architectural History ............................................................................................................................... 5 RESEARCH METHODS ............................................................................................................................ 12 Archival Methods .................................................................................................................................. 12 Field Methods ........................................................................................................................................ 12 RESULTS OF INVESTIGATIONS ............................................................................................................ 13 Archival Results .................................................................................................................................... 13 Architectural Resources ........................................................................................................................ 15 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...................................................................................... 20 SELECTED SOURCES .............................................................................................................................. 21 iii LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Location of Project Area ..................................................................................................................... 2 2. Photo Key of Recorded Architectural Resources ............................................................................. 16 3. Project location: Taylor Hall, 780 High Avenue .............................................................................. 17 4. NRHP Resource 2: William E. Pollock Residence (NRHP #84000728/AHI #16855), 765 Algoma Boulevard and View to Project ........................................................................................................ 19 5. NRHP Resource 3: Thomas R. Wall Residence (NRHP #84000732/AHI #66137), 751 Algoma Boulevard and View to Project ........................................................................................................ 19 1 INTRODUCTION The Public Service Archaeology & Architecture Program of the University of Illinois at Urbana– Champaign was contracted by Edge Consulting Engineers, Inc. of Prairie du Sac, Wisconsin to conduct a cultural resource survey for direct and indirect architectural effects for a proposed telecommunications facility. The investigations were undertaken in accordance with the Nationwide Programmatic Agreement for Review Under the National Historic Preservation Act for new facilities requiring licenses from the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). This Cultural Resources Report provides general background information including the local and architectural history for the project area, the methods used to complete the architectural investigations, and the results of those investigations. A telecommunications facility is proposed for a property located at 780 High Avenue, Oshkosh, Winnebago County, Wisconsin 54901. The project as proposed includes the addition of three (3) new mmWave antennas in proximity to existing antennas on the building’s rooftop, for a project with a final height of 15.2-meters (50.0 feet). The area of direct effects therefore is focused on the property at 780 High Avenue. The indirect (visual) Area of Potential Effect (APE) is centered on the proposed facility location in accordance with the Final Rule for 47 CFR Part 1, that specifies a 0.8-kilometer (0.5-mile) radius APE for total structure height of 60.96 meters (200 feet) or less, a 1.2-kilometer (0.75-mile) radius APE for structures over 60.96 meters (200 feet) to 121.92 meters (400 feet), and a 2.4-kilometer (1.5- mile) radius APE for all structures over 121.92 meters (400 feet) in total height. A 0.8-kilometer (0.5- mile) radius APE was utilized for this project based on the project height that was 60.96 meters (200 feet) or less (Figure 1). The cultural resource study included the development of an architectural and historical context, a review of existing recorded resources that are listed or potentially eligible for listing on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP), and a review of the potentially effected resources with evaluations of effect. The findings for the project are provided in the subsequent sections. Location 0 0.5 10.25 Kilometers0 0.5 10.25 Miles County Rd.2400 E (to west) Proposed Facility Location Area of Potential Effect (0.5 mile radius) KEY 2 Figure 1. Location of project area. OSHKOSH QUADRANGLE WINNEBAGO COUNTY - WISCONSIN 7.5 MINUTE SERIES (TOPOGRAPHIC)1992 3 BACKGROUND RESEARCH The proposed telecommunications facility is located at 780 High Avenue, Oshkosh, Winnebago County, Wisconsin 54901. The evaluation of architectural resources at this location requires an understanding of the historical and architectural context for this area of Wisconsin. The results of the contextual background research are provided below. Winnebago County Winnebago County lies in the middle Fox River valley in eastern Wisconsin, bordered on the south by Fond du Lac County, on the west by Waushara and Green counties, and on the north by Waupaca and Outagamie counties. Winnebago’s eastern neighbor is Calumet County, but the two are separated for all but three miles by Lake Winnebago, the largest lake in Wisconsin covering 350 square miles. The rolling topography of Winnebago County lies on average about fifty feet above the surface of the lake, and the soil, though composed of much glacial till, is well-drained and agriculturally rich. Before the advent of Euro-American settlement, the county was covered with hardwood forest including oak, elm, basswood, ash and hickory. Plum, Cherry, Crabapple and other fruit trees thrived, as did a great variety of terrestrial, aquatic, and avian wildlife. The Upper Fox River enters the county in the southwest and, traversing north and east, forms Lake Butte des Morts before entering Lake Winnebago at the present site of Oshkosh. Wolf River enters in the northwest, forms Lakes Poygan and Winneconne, and joins the Fox at Lake Butte des Morts. The Lower Fox River exits Lake Winnebago in the northeast corner of the county on its way to Green Bay. The six lakes and two major river systems in Winnebago County drain the watershed of approximately one-quarter of the State of Wisconsin (Lawson 1908). The first Euro-American to visit the area of Winnebago County was the French explorer, Jean Nicolet, who landed at Green Bay and is thought to have ascended the Fox River as far as Lake Winnebago in the 1640s (Lawson 1908). At that time the region was home to the indigenous Winnebago tribe, and groups of Chippewas, Pottawatomis, Sauks, Fox, and Menominees frequented the area as well. The French Jesuit, Father Allouez, established a Catholic mission at De Pere, near Green Bay in 1668, probably the first European outpost on the Fox River, which linked Lake Michigan with the interior forests and beyond to the Mississippi River. The first French trader thought to have settled in Winnebago County was a retired soldier of the French-Canadian army, Sebrevior de Carrie. Sometime between 1730 and 1760, de Carrie settled and raised a family with a Winnebago woman on Doty Island, where the Lower Fox exits Lake Winnebago, trading with groups moving up and down the river valley (Randall 1889; Lawson 1908). Captain Augustin Grignon and Judge James Porlier established a trading post at Big Butte des Morts by 1818. They traded beads, calico, guns, axes and other goods to the Menominee and Winnebago in exchange for animal furs and pelts of all kinds, which were shipped east and sold to the Southwest Fur Company and later the American Fur Company. Beaver pelts were used as money value for all commerce on the river (Lawson 1908). The location of Oshkosh was first settled by James Knaggs, a quarter-blood Menominee, who in 1832 established a trading post on the Fox River near the present downtown. Knaggs provided food and sleeping accommodations as well as ferry service across the river. Also in 1832, Peter Powell came from Green Bay and settled on the north shore of Lake Butte des Morts, farming and trading. His son, the future Major William Powell, lived near Oshkosh most of his life and was active in government-Native relations for many years (Lawson 1908). George Johnson built two log cabins and opened a tavern near the mouth of the Upper Fox in 1835. Webster Stanley, credited with being the first permanent settler in 4 the present city of Oshkosh, obtained lumber prepared at the government mill in Neenah and built his cabin in 1836, across the river from James Knaggs. Stanley bought out Knaggs’ ferry business and began construction of a sawmill. Other settlers in the next few years included Chester and Milan Ford, Jason Wilkins, and Joseph Jackson, who built the first frame house in Oshkosh in 1844 (Randall 1889). The first Euro-American settlements in Winnebago County clustered around the Upper and Lower Fox River and along the shore of Lake Winnebago, at Butte des Morts, Oshkosh (then called Saukeer), Stanley’s Ferry, and up the lake coast at Neenah. The first attempt to establish the County of Winnebago occurred in 1840 when the state legislature set it off from Brown County with the boundaries as they currently exist. Nathaniel Perry, Robert Grignon, and Morgan L. Martin were appointed commissioners to locate the county seat and acquire land for a courthouse. Elections were to be held at the home of Webster Stanley but, possibly due to low population in the county, this attempt at organization failed. It was not until 1842 that a law was again approved to organize Winnebago County, population 143, effective the first Monday in April 1843. Officials elected to complete this task included: Chester Ford, chairman; Jason Wilkins, clerk; Thomas Lee, coroner; and Webster Stanley, treasurer. The first actual county elections were held in September 1844, in which W. C. Isbell was elected register of deeds, George F. Wright, clerk, William Wright, treasurer, and Samuel Brooks, district attorney. In 1847 the county seat was located at Oshkosh, and the county was organized for judicial purposes. The population of the county in 1847 was 2,787, and in 1850 it had grown to over 10,000 (Lawson 1908). The growth of Oshkosh, and Winnebago County’s two other major cities, Neenah and Menasha, was closely tied to the lumber industry that flourished in the nineteenth century. The first sawmill was erected in Neenah, at the government trading post and industrial and agricultural mission established for the Menominee Indians in 1834 (City of Neenah 2021). Mills were soon operating at Omro, Algoma, and Oshkosh, processing lumber that flooded down the rivers from the north and west. The mills spawned related industries such as sash and door factories, furniture factories, shingle factories, and paper mills. By 1860, Oshkosh had eleven lumber mills in operation. The arrival of the railroad in 1859 brought rapid expansion and growth to Oshkosh that continued into the middle 1870s. Major fires swept through the city in 1874 and 1875, just as the lumber industry began a long and slow decline. By the late 1870s, as resources nearby became exhausted, the sawmill industry began to follow the line of de-forestation north and northwest. Through the 1880s and 1890s, mills were shut down and board feet of production declined until the last log drive took place on the Fox River in 1911(City of Oshkosh Landmarks Commission 2021). Other industries developed in Winnebago County as the lumber industry declined. Ice from the rivers and lakes was harvested for domestic use and frequently shipped to Milwaukee and Chicago. Brickmaking, from the abundant red clays found in the county, became a thriving industry in the 1870s. Several large brick making yards operated in Menasha between 1871 and 1890, and in Neenah through the 1890s, some manufacturing over two million bricks a year. Many of the early wooden structures in Oshkosh destroyed by the fires in 1874-5 were rebuilt with brick and still survive today. A stoneware industry was established as early as 1850 in Menasha, using a mix of local red clay and Ohio stone clay for a slip, but these enterprises were abandoned by 1875 (Lawson 1908). As industry in the urban centers grew and changed, so did the population of Winnebago County. The original settlers were mostly Yankee farmers looking for cheap land and commercial opportunities. From the middle 1840s European immigrants, especially Germans, Irish, and Welsh, moved to the towns and farmland of Winnebago County. Later Poles, Volga-Germans, and Scandinavians settled in large numbers. By 1900 it was estimated that one-third of the residents of Oshkosh were German-speaking or of German heritage. At the turn of the twentieth century, Oshkosh was ranked second in population in the state after Milwaukee, and the whole of Winnebago County contained over sixty thousand people (Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System 2021; Lawson 1908). 5 Architectural History A review of the architectural records for the Midwest shows changing architectural styles that fit the needs of the growing community and reflected the changing fashions of different eras. Early Euro- American building styles in North America reflect styles that were popular in Europe at the time of the arrival of the colonists. While the fundamental ideas behind these styles survived the journey to the New World, the construction techniques often had to be altered to fit their new location. Initially, building styles varied from region to region, but as the population grew and methods of transportation improved, ideas and materials became more widely available. Over the course of time, both populations and styles of architecture became more homogenous. As the population grew, and with the introduction of the railroads and improvements to the roadways, ideas and building materials became available to a much larger number of people than ever before. House forms Most architectural styles in Midwest, and throughout the United States, are based on basic Vernacular styles of building. These styles include the Gable-Front, the Gabled Ell/Gable-Front-and-Wing, the Hall- and-Parlor, the I-House, the Massed-Plan Side-Gabled, and the Pyramidal. These styles form the basic shapes for building design through the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The Gable-Front style is first seen in the mid-nineteenth century. This style, usually consisting of two stories with the gabled end on the street side, grew in popularity with the growth of urban areas, as it could be adapted to a variety of popular styles as well as narrow urban lots. The placing of the entry at the gable end forced a change in the traditional floor plan, and the stairway was moved from the center of the building to the side, forming a long hallway to the rear (Longstreth 2000). This style, which persisted in different forms through the early twentieth century, is found throughout the Midwest. In the Gabled Ell/Gable-Front-and-Wing design, a side-gabled wing was added to the existing gable-front at a right angle. A shed-roofed porch is usually present in the “L” shape made by the attached wings. Two-story examples are common in the Midwest (McAlester and McAlester 1984: 92) The Hall-and-Parlor house is based on a British building style, the single-bay house, and was brought to the Midwest from the Chesapeake Bay area. Hall-and-Parlor houses were usually constructed as a single room brick or frame structure with a steep pitched side-gabled roof and outside chimneys. This first room was the “hall”, and housed the kitchen, dining room, and work area, with a corner stairway leading to sleeping space on a loft above. A second room was added at the back when the space was needed. This “parlor” would serve as a bedroom or a room for entertaining. The Hall-and-Parlor house is characterized by a front door offset with one window, giving the façade an asymmetrical appearance (Longstreth 2000). The I-House developed from the earlier one and one half story Hall-and-Parlor into a unique two- story house style. This style, named for its common occurrence in states beginning with the letter “I”, was one room deep, two rooms wide, and two stories tall with a side-gabled roof. This house could be built using a variety of materials, including brick, clapboard, and stone, and the chimneys were placed at either gable end. More space could be added through the construction of porches or wings. Decorative details vary depending on the period; this style was popular in North America from the late seventeenth century through the early twentieth (Longstreth 2000). Massed-Planned Side-Gabled houses are significant in that they are more than one room deep, and as a result began to replace the I-House and Hall-and-Parlor designs. Early examples of this style often have a full front porch, but post-1930 designs typically have either a small entry porch or none at all (McAlester and McAlester 1984: 98). 6 The Pyramidal Roof style of house has its origins in the French-settled areas of the southern United States. This style is typically a one-story frame structure with a simple front porch. The roof is steeply pitched and there is a central chimney. This house style may have additions, such as towers or ells (Longstreth 2000). The architectural styles discussed below demonstrate the development of architectural ideas in the Midwest in the nineteenth century, and show the forms most commonly found throughout the Midwest. All of these styles may be found in both pure and Vernacular forms, and may include only some or all of the characteristics common to that style. Romantic Style Romantic style architecture was popular across the United States from the period 1820 to 1880. Romantic architecture marks the beginning of a trend that saw several different types of architecture with different influences become popular at the same time. The Romantic styles were influenced primarily by building styles of the past, and the types included in this category are Greek Revival, Gothic Revival, Italianate, Exotic Revivals, and Octagon. Each of these styles began and became popular before 1860 (McAlester and McAlester 1984: 177). Greek Revival architecture was dominant in America from 1825 to 1860. This style is found in highest concentration in the East, South, Midwest, and California. Illinois has one of the highest concentrations of Greek Revival buildings in the country. Characteristics of this style include a gabled or hipped low-pitched roof, a wide band of trim, meant to represent classical entablature, at the cornice line of the main roof and porch roof, porches with prominent square or rounded columns (usually Doric), a front door with narrow sidelights and rectangular transom lights set into an elaborate door surround. Both the Gable-front and the Gable-front-and-wing, style of house, originated in this style of building (McAlester and McAlester 1984:179-184). The Gothic Revival style of architecture was based on Medieval European construction and is characterized by fanciful decorative ornamentation. Seen from 1840 to 1880, elements of the Gothic Revival style include a steeply pitched roof that is usually side-gabled with steep cross gables (though other forms exist), decorated verge boards on the gables, a wall surface that extends into the gable without a break, pointed-arched windows that extend into the gables, and a one-story porch supported by flat Gothic arches. Examples of Gothic architecture, popularized by Andrew Jackson Downing’s famous pattern books of the 1840s and 1850s, can be found throughout areas of the United States settled before 1880 (McAlester and McAlester 1984:197-200). Italianate style houses were designed to model rambling Italian farmhouses. The first such houses were built in the United States in the late 1830s, and they became popular and widespread in the 1840s and 1850s, influenced by the Downing’s writings. Most surviving Italianate style homes date from 1855 to 1880, with rarer examples from the 1840s and late 1880s. Common characteristic of Italianate style construction include two or three stories, a low-pitched roof with widely overhanging eaves and decorative brackets, tall, narrow windows that are usually curved or arched on top, and elaborate window crowns. Many examples also include a square cupola or tower. Italianate style houses became common in the Midwest as the region grew at the height of the style’s popularity (McAlester and McAlester 1984:211-214). The term Exotic Revival does not define a style as much as it defines decorative ideas that were applied to other Romantic style houses. There are three main types of Exotic Revival style decoration: 7 Egyptian, Oriental, and Swiss Chalet. The Egyptian style is characterized by Egyptian columns, designed to represent bundles of sticks tied together at the top and bottom and then flared at the top, added to Greek or Italianate forms. Characteristics of the Oriental style include ogee arches, oriental trim, and the Turkish or onion dome. The main characteristics of the Swiss Chalet style include low-pitched front-gabled roofs with wide eave overhangs, a second story balcony or porch with trim and balustrade with a flat, cutout pattern, and patterned stickwork decoration. Exotic Revival decoration was used from 1835 to circa 1890, but surviving examples are rare (McAlester and McAlester 1984:231). The defining characteristic of the Octagon house is its eight-sided shape. This style, found in the East and Midwest from 1850 to 1870, is also characterized by two stories, a low-pitched hipped roof, wide eave overhangs, and eave brackets. Some examples of the Octagonal style have six, ten, twelve, or sixteen sides, and some are round. This style is rare, and most surviving examples date from the 1850s and 1860s (McAlester and McAlester 1984:235). Victorian Design Victorian Houses were constructed throughout the Midwestern region from 1860 to 1900. This building style became popular and spread quickly due to the rapid growth of industry and the railroads. The development in Chicago in the 1830s of the balloon frame, a lighter framing system that replaced heavy timber framing, allowed architects to move away from the box-like shape of traditional building. This new system of framing, along with the growth of mass production of items such as nails, doors, windows, roofing, siding, and decorative details, and the introduction of the circular saw made this style of house cheaper to build and therefore available to more people (Carley 1994:108). There are five main subtypes of Victorian houses in the Midwest, including Second Empire, Stick, Queen Anne, Richardsonian Romanesque, and Folk Victorian (McAlester and McAlester 1984). The Second Empire style was popular, mostly in the Northeast and Midwest, from 1855-1885. This Victorian subtype is characterized by a mansard roof with dormer windows, molded cornices, decorative brackets beneath the eaves, and unelaborated, usually arched, windows. This style became popular because the box-shaped roofline allowed for a full upper story of usable space (McAlester and McAlester 1984: 241-242). Stick Houses were constructed from 1860 to circa 1890. The Stick style is characterized by a gabled roof which usually has a steep pitch and cross gables, decorative trusses at the apex of the gables, exposed rafter ends, wooden wall cladding with decorative boards (stickwork) in patterns raised from the wall surfaces, and diagonal or curved brackets on one-story porches. The stickwork decoration has been applied to a variety of house shapes (McAlester and McAlester 1984: 255-256). The Queen Anne style was popular from 1880 to 1910. Typical characteristics of the Queen Anne are a steeply pitched roof, irregular shape, a dominant front-facing gable, patterned shingles, cut-away bay windows, an asymmetrical façade with a partial or full-width porch (usually one story), and decorative treatments designed to avoid flat wall surfaces (McAlester and McAlester 1984: 263). Richardsonian Romanesque buildings were constructed from 1880 to 1900. This style is characterized by round-topped arches over windows, porch supports, or entrances, masonry walls that are usually of rough-faced square stone work, round towers with conical roofs, asymmetrical facades, and deeply recessed windows. Because heavy masonry was used throughout the building, the Richardsonian Romanesque style was more popular for large public buildings and architect-designed landmarks rather than middle-class homes (McAlester and McAlester 1984: 301-302). 8 The Folk Victorian style was common from 1870 to 1910. These houses were often less elaborate than their other Victorian counterparts, and were constructed in a variety of shapes and styles. One common form of Folk Victorian building, was created by simply adding porches with spindlework detailing or flat jigsaw cut trim to the National Folk House forms. These houses were usually symmetrical or of the gable front-and-wing form, and common motifs include cornice-lined brackets and simple window designs (McAlester and McAlester 1984: 309). Eclecticism Eclectic design, popular throughout the United States, began to appear in the 1880s, usually in the form of period homes for the wealthy. The Eclectic style, in contrast to the stylistic forms of the Victorian era, was based on designing pure copies of traditional architectural forms. The style grew in popularity after it was used in the construction of temporary buildings for the 1893 Chicago Columbian Exposition, but did not become accessible to the middle class until the 1920s, when new and less expensive techniques for adding brick and stone veneer to the exterior of frame houses were developed. There are thirteen main subtypes of Eclectic design that are found in the Midwest: Colonial Revival, Neoclassical, Tudor, Beaux Arts, French Eclectic, Italian Renaissance, Mission, Spanish Eclectic, Monterey, Prairie, Craftsman, Modernistic, and International (McAlester and McAlester 1984). Based on the English and Dutch houses of the Atlantic seaboard, the Colonial Revival style is found beginning in the 1880s and continuing until around 1955. This was a dominant style for domestic buildings throughout the first half of the twentieth century. Doors are typically centered and may be accentuated with overhead fanlights or sidelights and a decorative crown supported by pilasters, or extended forward and supported by slender columns. Windows in this style are symmetrically balanced, and usually have double-hung sashes and multi-pane glazing. This style may have any of a number of roof types, including hipped, side-gabled, center-gabled, or gambrel. The Colonial Revival style was simplified in the 1940s and 1950s, when the side-gabled roof became the most common form, and decorative accents such as door surrounds and cornices became more stylized (McAlester and McAlester 1984: 321, 324). Like the Colonial Revival style, the Neoclassical style, made popular by the 1893 Chicago Columbian Exposition, was a dominant style for domestic buildings throughout the first half of the twentieth century. This style is dominated by a full height front porch, with the roof supported by classical columns, usually with Ionic or Corinthian capitals; the porch may be simply an entry, an entry with a lower full-width porch, or it may be a full façade porch. The house can be one or more stories, with symmetrically balanced rectangular windows and a center door with elaborate decorative surrounds. Neoclassical buildings also usually display a boxed eave with a moderate overhang, and sometimes a wide frieze band. From about 1900 to 1920, hipped roofs and elaborate columns were common on this style, but from about 1925 until 1955, side-gabled roofs and simple slender columns became more popular (McAlester and McAlester 1984: 343-344). The Tudor style, seen from 1890-1940, makes up a large proportion of early twentieth century suburban housing. This style, based on late Medieval English designs, is characterized by a steeply pitched, usually side-gabled, roof with one or more prominent and steeply pitched cross gables, decorative half-timbering, tall and narrow windows, massive chimneys, and cladding of stucco, brick, stone, or wood. Some structures may also have a false thatched roof and parapeted gables. Tudor houses were extremely popular in the 1920s and 1930s when they became cheaper to build because of masonry veneering. The style faded in the late 1930s, but experienced a rebirth in popularity in the 1970s and 1980s (McAlester and McAlester 1984: 355-358). 9 Beaux Arts buildings are found throughout the United States from 1885 to 1930. Common characteristics of this style include masonry wall surfaces with decorative garlands, floral patterns, and shields and symmetrical facades with quoins, pilasters, or columns. The roof is usually either flat, low- pitched, or mansard. This style is the result of a growing interest at the end of the nineteenth century in formal planning and spatial relationships between buildings, exemplified by the City Beautiful Movement and the Chicago Columbian Exposition in 1893. Because of its elaborateness, this style is most often found in the form of architect-designed landmarks, or in urban areas that were prosperous in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries (McAlester and McAlester 1984: 379-380). The French Eclectic style was relatively uncommon style that came into use in 1915. French Eclectic buildings are characterized by a tall, steeply pitched hipped roof, eaves that flare at the roof-wall junction, occasional half timbering, and wall coverings of brick, stone, or stucco. This style faded out in the mid- 1940s, but experienced a resurgence in the 1960s (McAlester and McAlester 1984: 387). The Italian Renaissance style began in the 1890s as a style used for landmark buildings, but by the 1902s it had entered the world of vernacular design. Common characteristics of the Italian Renaissance style include a low-pitched, sometimes flat, hipped roof that is usually covered in ceramic tiles, broadly overhanging box eaves with decorative brackets, upper story windows that are smaller than the those on the lower stories, arches above the doors, first story windows, and porches, small Classical columns or pilasters, a symmetrical façade, and stucco, masonry, or masonry-veneered walls. After World War I, further developments in masonry veneering allowed cheaper versions of Italian Renaissance buildings to be constructed, but the style faded out of popularity by 1935 (McAlester and McAlester 1984: 397-398). Although most popular in California and the Southwest, the Mission style does appear in in the Midwest, usually dating from about 1905-1920. Based on the Spanish Missions of California, common characteristics of this style include Mission-shaped dormer or roof parapets, red tile roof covering, widely overhanging eaves, large square piers to support porch roofs, and stucco wall surfaces (McAlester and McAlester 1984: 409-410). Spanish Eclectic buildings were constructed from 1915-1940. Aspects of this style include a low- pitched roof (which may be side-gabled, cross-gabled, hipped, combined hipped and gabled, or flat) with little or no overhang and covered with red tiles, one or more arches above the door, principal window, and porch, an asymmetrical façade, dramatically carved doors, a focal window, decorative window grilles of wood or iron, cantilevered balconies, arcaded walkways, round or square towers, roof-tiled chimney tops, fountains, and stucco wall coverings. Decorative motifs usually follow Moorish, Byzantine, Gothic, or Renaissance designs. This style reached its height of popularity in the 1920s and 1903’s, and it was rarely used after 1940 (McAlester and McAlester 1984: 417-418). The Monterey style was used in suburbs throughout the country from about 1925-1955. This style is recognized by its low-pitched gabled roof, second story balcony which is usually cantilevered and covered by the principal roof, a wood shingled roof (though it may be tiled), paired windows and false shutters, and an outer covering of stucco, brick, or wood, with the first and second story often covered with different materials (McAlester and McAlester 1984: 431). The Prairie style, most often associated with architect and designer Frank Lloyd Wright, originated in Chicago and is found in many of the City’s early twentieth century suburbs. This style, popular from 1900-1920, is characterized by a low pitched, usually hipped, roof with wide overhanging eaves, a two- story construction with one-story wings or porches, massive square or rectangular masonry piers, window boxes, decorative friezes, and an emphasis on horizontal lines in eaves, cornices, and the façade. Design motifs are usually geometrical, with an emphasis on horizontal decoration, contrasting wall materials and 10 wood trim between stories, contrasting colors, selective recessing, geometrical patterns of small pane window glazing, and contrasting wall materials which accentuate the upper part of the upper story (McAlester and McAlester 1984: 439-440). The dominant style for smaller houses throughout the country from about 1905-1925 was the Craftsman style. One of the reasons for the popularity of this style was its easy accessibility through catalogues and kits. One of the most distinguishing characteristics of Craftsman houses is the roof-wall junction, which is almost never boxed or enclosed. Common aspects of this style include low-pitched hipped or gabled roofs, wide unenclosed eave overhangs, exposed roof rafters, false beams or braces under the gables, and full and partial-width porches with a roof supported by tapered square columns which often extend to the ground level. Exterior walls are usually of wood clapboard or shingles, but may also be of brick, concrete block, or stucco. One-story vernacular versions of this style are commonly called Bungalows or Bungaloid (McAlester and McAlester 1984: 453-454). Modernistic buildings, built from 1920 to 1940, can be divided into two main groups, Art Moderne, which became the prevailing Modernistic style, and Art Deco. Art Moderne buildings tend to have smooth stucco wall surfaces decorated with horizontal grooves or lines, a flat roof with a small ledge at the roofline, horizontal balustrade elements, and an asymmetrical façade. One or more corners on an Art Moderne building may be curved and have curved windows, and the design may also include round or glass block windows. In contrast, Art Deco buildings use zigzags, chevrons, and other stylized geometric motifs on the façade, and include towers and various other projections above the roofline. Art Deco was more common in public and commercial buildings and apartments than in homes. The style came into fashion after architect Eliel Saarinen won second place in the Chicago Tribune’s 1922 headquarters’ design contest for his Art Deco design (McAlester and McAlester 19848: 465-466). The International style, used from 1925 through to the present day, was introduced to the United States by European architects, immigrating to escape the tensions at home. Common characteristics of the International style include a flat roof, usually without ledges, windows set flush with the walls, smooth unadorned wall surfaces, an asymmetrical façade, curtain walls, cantilevered projections, and an absence of decorative detailing around doors and windows. Buildings in this style are usually architect designed and found in more fashionable suburbs. The International style was at its peak of popularity in the 1930s, but experienced a resurgence in the 1970s (McAlester and McAlester 1984: 469-470). Design after World War II After World War II, American construction tastes shifted from more traditional designs to modern styles. These styles, common throughout the post-war suburbs, include Minimal Traditional, Ranch, Contemporary, and Shed. While these styles may retain some details from the Craftsman, Prairie, Modernistic, and International styles, an effort was made to stay away from the designs used in America in the early twentieth century. Minimal Traditional design was popular in the 1940s and 1950s. This style is often seen as a simplified version of the traditional Tudor style. Aspects of Minimal Traditional design include a dominant front gable with a lowered roof pitch and simplified façade. In the early 1950s, the Minimal Traditional houses were replaced by the Ranch style, with its characteristic low-pitched roof and broad rambling facades. Ranch homes, loosely based on Colonial designs, also usually display decorative shutters, porch roof supports, and other detailing. A Ranch home may be one story or split-level. Contemporary design, is represented by the architect-designed houses of the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s. Contemporary buildings are recognizable by their wide eave overhangs, flat or low-pitched roofs, broad and low front-facing gables, exposed support beams and other structural members, contrasting wall 11 materials and textures, and unusual window shapes and placements. The Shed style, used in the 1960s and 1970s, is characterized by moderately or high-pitched roofs with a shed-roof motif. This style is also more common in architect-designed homes (McAlester and McAlester 19848: 475, 477). From 1965 to the present day, the Neoeclectic style has been popular throughout the country. Used mostly in suburban areas, the Neoeclectic style may be divided up into seven sub-categories. The Mansard style, named for the use of the mansard roof, was used in homes, shopping centers, apartments, and commercial buildings in the 1960s. Neocolonial design was based on the English Colonial home and was popular from 1940 through the 1970s. The Neo-French style was the most fashionable style in the 1980s, and is recognizable in its use of high-hipped roofs and through-the-cornice doorways. The Neo- Tudor style, characterized by steeply pitched gables and half-timbered detailing, has been popular since the 1970s. Neo-Mediterranean homes use stucco walls, rounded arches, and red tile roofs to mimic the styles of earlier Spanish and Italian influenced styles. The Neoclassical revival style is loosely based on the Neoclassical style, but may be applied to different house forms without concern for traditional or historically accurate details. The Neo-Victorian style uses details such as Queen Anne-influenced spindlework for porches and other decorative elements (McAlester and McAlester 1984: 487). A final category, Contemporary Folk designs, is found from 1940 through the present. Structures built in this style are often experimental and tend to stay away from traditional designs. One of the main goals of Contemporary Folk architectural design is “basic, economical shelter without concern for fashionable stylistic design or detailing” (McAlester and McAlester 1984: 497). The most common forms of Contemporary Folk structures include Mobile Homes, Quonset Huts, A-Frames, and Geodesic Domes (McAlester and McAlester 1984: 497). These architectural styles form the core of historic residential homes, churches, and businesses in the area and provide a basis for evaluation. 12 RESEARCH METHODS Research undertaken for the proposed telecommunications facility in Oshkosh, Wisconsin included archival and field research. The investigations were undertaken in accordance with the Nationwide Programmatic Agreement for Review Under the National Historic Preservation Act for new facilities requiring licenses from the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). The research methods examined the indirect (visual) Area of Potential Effect (APE) centered on the proposed facility location in accordance with the Final Rule for 47 CFR Part 1, that specifies a 0.8-kilometer (0.5-mile) radius APE for total structure height of 60.96 meters (200 feet) or less, a 1.2-kilometer (0.75-mile) radius APE for structures over 60.96 meters (200 feet) to 121.92 meters (400 feet), and a 2.4-kilometer (1.5-mile) radius APE for all structures over 121.92 meters (400 feet) in total height. The specific methods are outlined below. Archival Methods Standard archival research was undertaken prior to field investigations to identify specific cultural resource information about the project location and the surrounding area. Records examined include the National Historic Landmarks (National Park Service 2021a), National Register of Historic Places (National Park Service 2021b), records at the Wisconsin Historical Society principally in the form of the Wisconsin Historic Preservation Database (WHPD), and records of the City of Oshkosh, Landmarks Commission. Archival results are provided in the results section of this document. Field Methods The field investigations, when deemed necessary, examine two distinct topics. First, the investigation examined the location where the proposed telecommunications facility would be constructed. Specifically, plans for the location of the antennas and equipment were examined to determine where they would be located and how they would directly affect the existing area. This evaluation was also extended to include proposed access and utility easements. Of particular concern were any proposed changes to existing structures and areas of ground disturbance. The second level of investigation was to document the visual APE based on previously documented structures or districts that are listed or eligible for listing on the NRHP. Given this portion of the project was focused on resources that may be affected by the proposed project, report consideration was given to the architectural setting of the facility. All resources in the visual APE were considered for effects, but this report emphasizes those resources that could either be seen from the project location or from those resources from which the antenna could be seen. Reasons for not including specific resource structure photographs include direct views to and from the proposed project to specific resources were not possible due to intervening structures or landscape topography. These resources have recommended determinations of No Adverse Effect since they are not directly affected and there is no change in the existing visual setting. Additionally, the investigation of previously identified resources within the APE was limited to those that could be photographically documented from Public rights-of-way. Each photographed resource was mapped as to its location and photo orientation was recorded on a standard photography inventory form. Each resource was mapped in relationship to the proposed telecommunications facility and additional photographs were taken to establish a structural context for the proposed facility. All of these materials were utilized in order to determine the potential effects posed by the project. 13 RESULTS OF THE INVESTIGATIONS Data specific to Oshkosh, Wisconsin was collected by archival research. The results of those specific methods are detailed below. Archival Results A search of the National Historic Landmarks (National Park Service 2021a), National Register of Historic Places (National Park Service 2021b), records at the Wisconsin Historical Society principally in the form of the Wisconsin Historic Preservation Database (WHPD), and records of the City of Oshkosh, Landmarks Commission, identified 39 historic resources within the Area of Potential Effect (APE). Three resources identified in the APE are listed on the National Register of Historic Places as historic districts: NRHP District 1- Irving Church Historic District (NRHP #94000156; City of Oshkosh Historic District) is roughly bounded by West Irving Avenue, Franklin Street, Church Avenue, Wisconsin Street, and Amherst Avenue. The district is notable for architecture and engineering, with a period of significance that extends from 1850 to 1949. It features Italianate, Queen Anne, and Greek Revival architectural styles associated with William Waters and Bell & Cole. The district was listed on 7 March 1994 NRHP District 2- Oshkosh State Normal School Historic District (NRHP #84000722; City of Oshkosh Historic District) includes buildings at 800, 842 and 912 Algoma Boulevard, and 845 Elmwood Avenue. The district is notable for Education and Architecture with a period of significance that extends from 1900 to 1949. It features Gothic Revival and Other architectural styles associated with Van Ryn & DeGelleke. The district was listed on the NRHP on 6 December 1984. NRHP District 3- Algoma Boulevard Historic District (NRHP #94001368; City of Oshkosh Historic District) is roughly bounded by Algoma Boulevard from Woodland Avenue to Hollister Avenue. The district is notable for Architecture and Social History with a period of significance from 1850 to 1949. It features Tudor Revival and Queen Anne architecture associated with William Waters et al. The district was listed on the NRHP on 1 December 1994. Nine architectural resources identified in the APE are listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP): NRHP Resource 1- 842 Algoma Boulevard, the Oviatt House (NRHP #79000121; AHI #16516), is a Late Victorian building designed by William Waters and constructed circa 1883. It was listed on the NRHP on 27 August 1979. NRHP Resource 2- 765 Algoma Boulevard, the Pollock, William E., Residence (NRHP #84000728; AHI #16855), is a Mission/Spanish Revival building constructed circa 1920. It was listed on the NRHP on 6 December 1984. NRHP Resource 3- 751 Algoma Boulevard, the Wall, Thomas R., Residence (NRHP #84000732; AHI #66137) is a Colonial Revival and Queen Anne building designed by William Waters and constructed circa 1898-1900. It was listed on the NRHP on 6 December 1984. NRHP Resource 4- 1120 Algoma Boulevard, the Read School (NRHP #93000025; AHI #28504) is an Italianate building designed by William Waters and Ephraim Stevens and constructed circa 1879. It was listed on the NRHP on 11 February 1993. 14 NRHP Resource 5- 1141 Algoma Boulevard, the Waterman, S. H., House (NRHP #93000068; AHI #31451), is a Queen Anne building constructed circa 1889. It was listed on the NRHP on 25 February 1993. NRHP Resource 6- 1149 Algoma Boulevard, the Hooper, Jessie Jack, House (NRHP #78000151; AHI #31453) is a Shingle Style building designed by William Waters and constructed circa 1888. It was listed on the NRHP on 18 December 1978. NRHP Resource 7- 1174 Algoma Boulevard, the Algoma Boulevard Methodist Church (NRHP #74000140; AHI #16504) is a Romanesque Revival building designed by William Waters and constructed circa 1890. It was listed on the NRHP on 3 December 1974. NRHP Resource 8- 415 Jackson Street, Winnebago County Court House (NRHP #82000736; AHI #70159) is an Art Deco building designed by Julius Sandstedt, Granger & Bollenbacher and constructed circa 1939. It was listed on the NRHP 23 June 1982. NRHP Resource 9- 234 Church Avenue, John R. Morgan House (NRHP #83004365; AHI #28146), is a Queen Anne building designed by William Waters and constructed circa 1884. It was listed on the NRHP on 14 October 1983. Twenty-seven resources within the APE listed on the Wisconsin Historic Preservation Database (WHPD) have been determined Potentially Eligible or Eligible for listing on the NRHP by the Wisconsin Historic Preservation Office: WHPD Resource 1- 429 Algoma Boulevard (AHI #66099) the Campbell Residence, is an Italianate building constructed circa 1882. WHPD Resource 2- 443 Algoma Boulevard (AHI #66103) the First Church of Christ Scientist, is a Georgian Revival building designed by Anker Hansen and constructed circa 1923. WHPD Resource 3- 512, 516, 520 Algoma Boulevard (AHI #66106) is a Spanish Colonial building. WHPD Resource 4- 530 Algoma Boulevard (AHI #66120) is a Tudor Revival building designed by Auler, Jensen, & Brown and C.R. Meyer. WHPD Resource 5- 535-535A Algoma Boulevard (AHI #66123) the Bedward House, is a Queen Anne building constructed circa 1895. WHPD Resource 6- 545 Algoma Boulevard (AHI #66127) the Ripley House, is an Italianate building designed by Adam E. Bell and constructed circa 1872. WHPD Resource 7- 435 High Avenue (AHI #68288), St. Peter’s Catholic Church, is a Contemporary building designed by Brielmaier & Sons and constructed circa 1954. WHPD Resource 8- 435 High Avenue (AHI #136682), St. Peter’s Rectory, is a Contemporary building constructed circa 1954. WHPD Resource 9- 449 High Avenue fronts on Pearl Avenue (AHI #70318) St. Peter’s Catholic High School, is a Neo-Gothic building constructed circa 1913. WHPD Resource 10- 471 High Avenue (AHI #136601), St. Peter’s Convent, is a Neoclassical building constructed circa 1948. WHPD Resource 11- 449 High Avenue (AHI #136680), St. Peter’s Education Center and Parish Offices, is an Other Vernacular building constructed circa 1948. WHPD Resource 12- 1005 High Avenue (AHI #68294) is Hayes Machinery Co. WHPD Resource 13- 816 Elmwood Avenue (AHI #66419) is a Georgian Revival building. WHPD Resource 14- 1100 Elmwood Avenue (AHI #138258) is a Queen Anne building constructed circa 1895. WHPD Resource 15- 1108 Elmwood Avenue (AHI #138259) the Olsen House, is a Bungalow building constructed circa 1915. WHPD Resource 16- 1112 Elmwood Avenue (AHI #66438) the Olsen House, is a Cross-Gabled building constructed circa 1889. 15 WHPD Resource 17- 1115 Elmwood Avenue (AHI #66445) the Rogers House, is a Greek Revival building constructed circa 1884. WHPD Resource 18- 1118 Elmwood Avenue (AHI #138260) is a Cross Gabled building constructed circa 1890. WHPD Resource 19- 1124 Elmwood Avenue (AHI #138261) is an Other Vernacular building constructed circa 1890. WHPD Resource 20- 1126-1128 Elmwood Avenue (AHI #138262) the Peterson House, is a Cross Gabled building constructed circa 1900. WHPD Resource 21- 1135 Elmwood Avenue (AHI #66452) the Hicks House, is a Queen Anne building constructed circa 1889. WHPD Resource 22- 1134 Elmwood Avenue (AHI #135542) the Smith House, is a Cross Gabled building constructed circa 1889. WHPD Resource 23- 449 High Avenue fronts Pearl Street (AHI #70318), St. Peters Catholic High School, is a Neogothic Revival building constructed circa 1913. WHPD Resource 24- 632 Pearl Avenue (AHI #71143) UW-Oshkosh, River Commons, is a Contemporary building constructed circa 1966. WHPD Resource 25- 306 Wisconsin Street (AHI #70626) the Twentieth Century Club, is an Italianate building constructed circa 1872. WHPD Resource 26- 923 Jackson Street (AHI #70172) the Raycraft House, is an American Foursquare building designed by Joseph Raycraft and constructed circa 1898. WHPD Resource 27- 828 Franklin (AHI #66916) the Prink Residence, is a Queen Anne building constructed circa 1891. Architectural Resources The project as proposed includes the addition of three (3) new mmWave antennas in proximity to existing antennas on the rooftop of the building located at 780 High Avenue, Oshkosh, Winnebago County, Wisconsin 54901. The project as proposed has a total height of 15.2-meters (50.0 feet). As a result, the investigation included a Direct Effects assessment of the property at this location and an Indirect Effects assessment utilizing the defined APE (Figure 2). Direct Effects The project as proposed will be located on Taylor Hall at 780 High Avenue, Oshkosh, Winnebago County, Wisconsin 54901 (Figure 3). The project as proposed includes the addition of three (3) new mmWave antennas in proximity to existing antennas on the rooftop of the building. Taylor Hall is a Contemporary university residence hall constructed in circa 1963. This is a common middle twentieth century building and is not recommended as eligible for listing on the NRHP. As a result, a finding of No Historic Properties for architectural Direct Effects is recommended. Indirect Effects The proposed project has a visual APE of a 0.8-kilometer (0.5-mile) radius following the FCC determined APE for a structure with a total height of 60.96 meters (200 feet) or less. Thitry-nine resources, noted above, were identified within the visual APE. Visual effects were determined by evaluating if the project as proposed would be visible in the historic viewshed of the resource; this viewshed is interpreted as what was originally intended to be seen when the resource was designed and Irving and Church Algoma Boulevard Oshkosh State Normal School Paine Lumber Company North Main Street Location 0 0.25 0.50.125 Kilometers0 0.25 0.50.125 Miles County Rd.2400 E (to west) NRHP #84000728 NRHP #84000732 Figure 2. Photo Key of Recorded Architectural Resources. 16 Architectural Resource Location# NRHP Historic District Proposed Facility Location Area of Potential Effect (0.5 mile radius) KEY Aerial Photograph Obtained from ESRI World Imagery - June 2021 780 High Ave, Oshkosh, WI 54901 Figure 3. Project location: Taylor Hall, 780 High Avenue. 17 18 constructed, including the resource and its immediate surroundings, when viewing the resource from the public right-of-way. Two resources were determined to be immediately visible from the proposed project. Two architectural resources identified in the APE are listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP): NRHP Resource 2, the William E. Pollock Residence (NRHP #84000728/AHI #16855), is located at 765 Algoma Boulevard. This resource faces northeast with the project to be located to the northwest (Figure 4). The project as proposed will be visible from the resource but will not detract from its historic viewshed, with only a very slight change to the visual setting, resulting in a determination of No Adverse Effect to Historic Properties for this resource. NRHP Resource 3, the Thomas R. Wall Residence (NRHP #84000732/AHI #66137), is located at 751 Algoma Boulevard. This resource faces northeast with the project to be located to the south (Figure 5). The project as proposed will be visible from the resource but will not detract from its historic viewshed, with only a very slight change to the visual setting, resulting in a determination of No Adverse Effect to Historic Properties for this resource. All other resources in the visual APE have been considered as a group due to the minimal changes proposed by the project, which will not change the current view of the structure or the historic view of the surrounding buildings and will not have an impact on the significance of any of the resources. A determination of No Adverse Effect is made for all resources as there is no visible change to the historic setting and feeling created by this project. As a result of this investigation and review, it is recommended that a determination of No Adverse Effect to Historic Properties for visual effects be made for this project. Based on our analysis, the proposed project will not introduce any visual, atmospheric, or audible elements that will diminish the significant historic features of any Resources. Figure 4. NRHP Resource 2: William E. Pollock Residence (NRHP #84000728/AHI #16855), 765 Algoma Boulevard and View to Project. Figure 5. NRHP Resource 3: Thomas R. Wall Residence (NRHP #84000732/AHI #66137), 751 Algoma Boulevard and View to Project. 19 20 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS The Public Service Archaeology & Architecture Program conducted a review of the property where the proposed telecommunications facility will occur and of a 0.8-kilometer (0.5-mile) radius APE surrounding a proposed facility for NRHP eligible resources in Oshkosh, Wisconsin. The project as proposed includes the addition of three (3) new mmWave antennas in proximity to existing antennas on the rooftop of the building for a project with a total height of 15.2-meters (50.0 feet) located at 780 High Avenue, Oshkosh, Winnebago County, Wisconsin 54901. This building is recommended as Not Eligible for listing on the NRHP and as a result, a finding of No Historic Properties for architectural Direct Effects is recommended. A review of the National Historic Landmarks (National Park Service 2021a), National Register of Historic Places (National Park Service 2021b), records at the Wisconsin Historical Society principally in the form of the Wisconsin Historic Preservation Database (WHPD), and records of the City of Oshkosh, Landmarks Commission identified 39 potential resources present within the defined 0.8-kilometer (0.5-mile) radius APE. As proposed, the project will not have an effect on the significance of any identified resource. A finding of No Adverse Effect to Historic Properties is recommended, based on the proposed project that will be located at 780 High Avenue and will not negatively impact the historic viewsheds of any listed historic properties; project clearance for architectural cultural resource concerns is recommended. 21 CITED SOURCES Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System 2021 Center for the Study of Upper Midwest Cultures - Ethnic Groups in Wisconsin. Electronic document: http://csumc.wisc.edu, accessed 24 June 2021. Carley, Rachel 1994 The Visual Dictionary of American Domestic Architecture. Henry Holt and Company, New York. City of Oshkosh 2021 City of Oshkosh, City Planning and Development List of Locally Designated Properties and Districts in the City of Oshkosh. Electronic document: http://www.ci.oshkosh.wi.us, accessed 24 June 2021. 2021 City of Oshkosh Landmarks Commission. Electronic document: http://www.ci.oshkosh.wi, accessed 24 June 2021. Lawson, Publius V. 1908 History of Winnebago County, Wisconsin. C.F. Cooper and Company, Chicago, Illinois. Longstreth, Richard 2000 The Buildings of Main Street - A Guide to American Commercial Architecture. Alta Mira Press, Walnut Creek, California. McAlester, Virginia and Lee McAlester 1984 A Field Guide to American Houses. Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., New York. National Park Service 2021a National Historic Landmarks Program. National Park Service, Washington D.C. 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